PT  - JOURNAL ARTICLE
AU  - Al-Otaibi, Mohammed L.
TI  - An overview of pathophysiology and treatment options of osteonecrosis of femoral head in sickle cell disease
AID  - 10.15537/smj.2022.43.11.20220429
DP  - 2022 Nov 01
TA  - Saudi Medical Journal
PG  - 1192--1199
VI  - 43
IP  - 11
4099  - http://smj.org.sa/content/43/11/1192.short
4100  - http://smj.org.sa/content/43/11/1192.full
SO  - Saudi Med J2022 Nov 01; 43
AB  - Osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) is the most prevalent musculoskeletal pathologic manifestation of sickle cell disease (SCD) resulting in an osteonecrotic event. This review aimed to summarize mechanisms involved in pathophysiology of ONFH and treatment options available in Saudi Arabia to treat SCD patients with complication of osteonecrotic event. The pathophysiology of ONFH include genetic and micro particles involvement. The progression of osteonecrosis involves reduced levels of bioactive compounds in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and elevated CD4+T circulating levels to stimulate pro-inflammatory cytokines contributing to inflammation at target site. Initial treatment approach is pharmacological agents use to mitigate risk. Further, bone morphogenetic protein stimulation initiate bone formation and treatment can be improved with the use of bone morphogenetic protein, total hip arthroplasty and cell therapies. This review provides baseline information for future studies to be carried out in Saudi Arabia to improve treatment options in SCD patients with ONFH.