- Aynergistic antimicrobial activity of thymoquinone (TQ) with different antimicrobial agents.
| Bacteria | Antimicrobial agent | Mean of inhibition zone with antibiotics (mm) Mean (SD) | Mean of inhibition zone with Tq (mm) Mean (SD) | Inhibition zone with synergism Mean (SD) | Outcome | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Klebsiella pneumoniae | Gentamicin | 20 (1.73) | 15 (2) | 37 (3.60) | Synergism | 0.458 |
| Offloxacin | 17 (1.0) | 34 (1.73) | Synergism | 0.638 | ||
| Tetracycline | 0 | 15 (1) | Additive | ≤ 0.001 | ||
| Penicillin | 15 (2) | 34 (2) | Synergism | 0.485 | ||
| Chloramphenicol | 0 | 15 (1.73) | Additive | ≤ 0.001 | ||
| Nalidixic acid | 3 (1) | 20 (1) | Synergism | ≤ 0.001 | ||
| Staphylococcus epidermidis (ATCC 12228) | Gentamicin | 18 (2) | 17 (1.73) | 36 (1) | Synergism | 0.254 |
| Offloxacin | 25 (3) | 34 (2) | Antagonism | 1.258 | ||
| Tetracycline | 0 | 15 (2) | Antagonism | 0.458 | ||
| Penicillin | 18 (1.73) | 37 (3.6) | Synergism | 0.471 | ||
| Chloramphenicol | 25 (1) | 36 (1) | Antagonism | 0.689 | ||
| Nalidixic acid | 0 | 17 (2.64) | Additive | ≤ 0.001 | ||
| Staphylococcus aureus | Gentamicin | 0 | 15 (1) | 15 (2) | Additive | ≤ 0.001 |
| Offloxacin | 13 (01) | 30 (1.73) | Synergism | 0.356 | ||
| Tetracycline | 4 (2) | 21 (1) | Synergism | 0.095 | ||
| Penicillin | 16 (1.73) | 27 (1.73) | Antagonism | 0.245 | ||
| Chloramphenicol | 18 (2) | 35 (2) | Synergism | 0.325 | ||
| Nalidixic acid | 2 (1) | 17 (1) | Additive | ≤ 0.001 | ||
| Staphylococcus epidermidis | Gentamicin | 18 (1.73) | 13 (1.73) | 31 (3.6) | Additive | 0.471 |
| Offloxacin | 17 (2.64) | 32 (2) | Synergism | 0.247 | ||
| Tetracycline | 18 (1) | 29 (1) | Antagonism | 1.784 | ||
| Penicillin | 3 (1) | 21 (1) | Synergism | ≤ 0.001 | ||
| Chloramphenicol | 20 (2) | 26 (1.73) | Antagonism | 0.478 | ||
| Nalidixic acid | 0 | 13 (2.64) | Additive | ≤ 0.001 |