- Background characteristics of study participants (N=233).
| Characteristics | n (%) |
|---|---|
| Gender | |
| Female | 156 (67.0) |
| Male | 77 (33.0) |
| Employment | |
| Employed | 75 (32.2) |
| Not employed | 93 (39.9) |
| Retired | 65 (27.9) |
| Personal income per month | |
| 0-2000 | 80 (34.3) |
| 2000-5000 | 35 (15.1) |
| 5000-10,000 | 59 (25.3) |
| 10,000-15,000 | 27 (11.6) |
| Education | |
| Unable to read and write | 36 (15.5) |
| Primary education | 63 (27.0) |
| Secondary Education | 53 (22.7) |
| Diploma | 12 (5.2) |
| University/college degree | 67 (28.7) |
| Smoking | |
| Smoker | 49 (21.0) |
| Non-smoker | 183 (78.9) |
| Body mass index | |
| Underweight | 4 (1.7) |
| Normal | 47 (20.2) |
| Overweight | 57 (24.5) |
| Obese | 120 (51.5) |
| Pain site | |
| Head | 2 (0.9) |
| Facial | 1 (0.4) |
| Neck | 24 (10.3 |
| Shoulder | 16 (6.9) |
| Hand/arm | 7 (3.0) |
| Chest | 1 (0.4) |
| Back | 103 (44.2) |
| Pelvis | 5 (2.1) |
| Knee | 20 (8.6) |
| Leg | 9 (3.9) |
| Foot | 11 (4.7) |
| Joint | 9 (3.9) |
| Muscle | 1 (0.4) |
| Others | 24 (10.3) |
| Pain Grade | |
| Grade I (low pain intensity-low disability) | 18 (7.7) |
| Grade II (high pain intensity-low disability) | 74 (31.8) |
| Grade III (moderately limiting pain- high disability) | 138 (59.2) |
| Grade IV (severely limiting pain-high disability) | 3 (1.3) |
| Characteristics (mean±SD) | |
| Number of cigarettes/day | 3.25 ± 8.73 |
| Number of exercise minutes/day | 26.52 ± 45.07 |
Missing data for background characteristics range between 0.1% to 13.7%