Table 1

- Characteristics of the included trials.

Author/dateDosageStudy typeJadad scoreSample size D/TPatient characteristics; surgical settingType of anesthesia; drug for anesthesiaDegrees of shiveringOutcomes measures
Shukla et al6 2011Clonidine 0.5μg/kg; tramadol 0.5 mg/kgRCT440/4018-40 yr, ASA: I; Elective abdominal, orthopaedic and gynaecological surgeriesSpinal anesthesia; 0.5% bupivacaine 10-15 mgGrades 3 or 41, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8
Vyas et al7 2018Clonidine 1 μg/kg; tramadol 1 mg/kgRCT430/3018-65 yr, ASA: I-II; Elective lower abdominal and lower limb surgeriesSpinal anesthesia; 0.5% heavy bupivacaineGrades 1-4 for at least 2 minutes1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8
Venkatraman et al8 2018Clonidine 1 μg/kg; tramadol 1 mg/kgRCT530/3018-70 yr, ASA: I-II; Lower abdominal, lower limb, orthopaedic and plastic surgeriesSpinal anesthesia; No mentionGrades 2, 3 or 41, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,
Bansal & Jain9 2011Clonidine 150μg; tramadol 50 mgRCT430/3018-65 yr, ASA: I-III; Urological, inguinal, and lower limb surgeriesSpinal anesthesia; 0.5% heavy bupivacaine 3.2-3.5 mLGrade 2 or 31, 2, 3, 5, 6,
Verma & Kumar10 2016Clonidine 0.5μg/kg; tramadol 1.5 mg/kg (maximum 100mg)RCT330/3018-45 yr, ASA: I-II; Elective abdominal, gynecological and orthopedic surgeriesSpinal anesthesia; 0.5% heavy bupivacaine 15 mgGrade 2, 3 or grade 41, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Attal et al11 2015Clonidine 50μg; tramadol 50 mgRCT330/3018-40 yr, ASA: I-II; Elective lower abdominal and lower limb surgeriesSpinal anesthesia; 0.5% heavy bupivacaine 3.5 mLGrade 3 or 4 for at least 2 minutes1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8
Reddy & Chiruvella12 2011Clonidine 50μg IV; tramadol 50 mg IVRCT445/4518-35 yr, ASA: I-II; Elective or emergency caesarean sectionSpinal anesthesia; 0.5% heavy bupivacaine 10 mgGrade 3 or 4 for at least 3 minutes1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8
Kulshrestha13 2014Clonidine 50μg IV; tramadol 50 mg IVRCT445/4518-35 yr, ASA: I-II; Elective Elective Lower Segment Caesarean SectionSpinal anesthesia; 0.5% bupivacaine 12mgGrade 3 or 4 for at least 3 minutes1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8
Aravind et al14 2014Clonidine 1 μg/kg; tramadol 1 mg/kg IVRCT440/4018-40 yr, ASA: I-II; Various surgeriesSpinal anesthesia; 0.5% heavy bupivacaineGrade 2, 3 or grade 4 for at least 2 minutes.1, 2, 5
Longani et al15 2017Clonidine 150μg IV; tramadol 50 mg IVRCT340/4025-50 yr, ASA: I-II; Elective lower stomach and lower appendage surgeries,Spinal anesthesia; 0.5% bupivacaine 14 mgGrade 3 or 4 for at least 2 minutes1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8
Jois et al16 2016Clonidine 0.5μg/kg IV; tramadol 0.5 mg/kg IVRCT440/4025-50 yr, ASA: I-II; Lower abdominal and lower limb surgeriesSpinal anesthesia 0.5% heavy bupivacaine 2-4mLGrade 3 or 41, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8
Singh et al17 2016Clonidine 0.5μg/kg IV; tramadol 0.5 mg/kg IVRCT430/3020-50 yr, ASA: I-II; elective lower abdominal, lower limb orthopaedic and gynaecological surgeriesSpinal anesthesia 0.5% heavy bupivacaine 15 mgGrade 3 or 41, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8
Ali & Debata18 2017Clonidine 50μg IV; tramadol 50 mg IVRCT330/3018-60 yr, ASA: I-II; elective lower abdominal and lower limb surgery under spinal anesthesiaSpinal anesthesia 0.5% heavy bupivacaineGrade 1, 2 or 32, 5
Kumar et al19 2016Clonidine 0.6μg/kg IV; tramadol 1.0 mg/kg IVRCT320/2018-60 yr, ASA: I-II; elective lower abdominal surgeries,orthopaedics lower limb surgeries and plastic surgeries.Spinal anesthesia 0.5% heavy bupivacaine 15 mgGrades 3 or 43

  • RCT: randomized controlled trial, ASA: American Society of Anesthesiologists, YR: year, IR: intravenous, Outcome measures: 1) Effective rate of shivering control, 2) Time to cease shivering, 3) Recurrent rate of shivering, 4) The incidence of bradycardia and hypotension, 5) The incidence of nausea and vomiting, 6) The incidence of sedation, 7) The incidence of dizziness, 8) The incidence of dry mouth