Table 1

- List of articles used in this meta-analysis with their geographic distribution, study design, participant characteristics, and outcomes.

StudyStudy designCountryParticipants (occupational category)Age (years)Duration of occupational workLens scoring systemOutcomes (lens area assessed)Radiation dose
nExposedNon-exposed
Andreassi et al44CohortItaly746466 (218 ICs and electrophysiologists, 191 nurses, and 57 technicians)28035-535-24 yearsNDCataractMedian lifetime effective dose physicians: 21 mSv nurses: 7 mSv
Auvinen et al33CohortFinland3721 (14 radiologists, 2 interventional radiologists, 3 cardiologists, and 2 surgeons)16 (physicians excluding radiologists and cardiologists)45-74At least 15 yearsLOCS IIPosterior subcapsular, cortical change, nuclear opalescence, nuclear color, nuclear opacitiesMean cumulative radiation dose based on dosimeter readings: 111 mSv
Barbosa et al34Cross-sectionalBrazil200112 ICs and healthcare workers in cardiac hemodynamics: nurse, physician, technician, or technologist88 (cardiologists not exposed to radiation)36-6662% of the professionals: <20 years of work, and 31% presented between 5-10 years of work.LOCS IIIPosterior subcapsular, lens opacities, cortical cataractND
Ciraj-Bjelac et al18CohortAustria8956 ICs and 11 nurses working in interventional cardiology22 age- and gender-matched unexposed healthcare staff25-641-33MF scoring systemPosterior lens changes0.01-43 Gy
Ciraj-Bjelac et al17CohortAustria8652 healthcare workers in interventional cardiology34 age- and gender-matched unexposed healthcare staff19-671-20MF scoring systemPosterior lens changesCumulative dose: 0.026-21 Sv
Domienik-Andrzejewska et al45CohortPoland14769 (interventional cardiologists)78 physicians, scientific/administrative staff, and nurses37-685-36 yearsLOCS IIINuclear opalescence, nuclear color, cortical opacities, posterior subcapsular opacitiesICs: 224 mSv (left eye)85 mSv (right eye)
Jacob et al36Cross-sectionalFrance205106 ICs99 non-medical workers>40NDLOCS IIIAny lens opacities, nuclear opacities, cortical opacities, posterior subcapsular opacitiesND
Karatasakis et al46Cross-sectionalUSA11799 ICs and cath-lab staff18 participants (industry, research staff, and others)36-60NDMF scaleAny lens opacities, cortical and posterior subcapsular lens changes, Frank opacitiesCumulative radiation dose to the lens: 0.1-22.5 Gy (Mean: 4.5)
Matsubara et al40CohortThailand85Cardiac catheterization laboratories staff: 7 ICs, 41 nurses, and technologists37 age- and gender-matched volunteers19-590.4-35 yearsMF scalePosterior lens opacitiesCumulative radiation dose to the lens: 0.03-8.5 Sv
Milacic et al47CohortSerbia32401560 health workers1680 health workers28-526-26 yearsNDCataractEquivalent doses 0.5-8 μSv/h
Rajabi et al48CohortIran9581 interventional cardiology members (44 ICs and 37 technicians)14 nurses not working in interventional sites26-54At least 4 yearsLOCS IIICataractAt least 1 mSv for at least 4 years
Scheidemann-Wesp et al49CohortGermany6117 ICs18 physicians37-758-50 yearsLOCS IIINuclear opacity, cortical opacityND
Vano et al19CohortColombia and Uruguay20958 interventional cardiologists and 58 nurses and technicians93 unexposed non-healthcare workers of similar age20-691-40MF scalePosterior subcapsular lens opacitiesCumulative lens dose range: 0.1-27 Sv
Vano et al50CohortArgentina, Colombia, and Uruguay14554 ICs and 69 nurses and technicians91 non-medical professionals20-664-25MF scalePosterior subcapsular lens changesCumulative eye dose range: 0.1-18.9 Sv
Yuan et al51Cross-sectionalTaiwan1866733 cardiologists performing cardiac catheterization988 cardiologists not performing cardiac catheterization35-50NDNDCataractND

  • ICs: interventional cardiologists, ND: not defined, mSv: millisievert, LOCS II: Lens Opacities Classification System, version II, LOCS III: The Lens Opacities Classification System III, Gy: the gray, Sv: stroke volume, cath-lab: catheterization laboratory, MF: Modified Merriam-Focht, μSv/h: micro-Sieverts/hour