Table 1

- Clinical charateristics of study groups.

Patients characteristics	GDM (n=40)	Control (n=42)	P-value
Age (years), mean±SD	30.4±4.6	29.8±6.1	0.5972^*
Gravidity, n (range of birth)	3 (1-4)	2 (1-5)	0.4076^**
Parity, n (range of birth)	1 (0-4)	1 (0-3)	0.1593^**
Fasting blood glucose (mg/dL), mean±SD	89.2±33.3	78±34.1	0.1413^**
Pregnancy age (weeks)	38 weeks + 4 days	39 weeks + 2 days	0.1171^**
Fetal macrosomia^†	4 (10.0)	1 (2.4)	0.1520^††
Preeclampsia^‡	4 (10.0)	2 (4.8)	0.3655^††
Neonatal hypoglycemia^§	5 (12.5)	2 (4.8)	0.2128^††
Fetal weight (g), mean±SD	3437±522	3205±493	0.2424^*
Placental weight (g), mean±SD	541.2±283.1	456.3±318.7	0.2055^*

Values are presented as number and precentage (%). ^†Fetal macrosomia is defined as birth weight >4000 g.²⁵ ^‡According to The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Preeclampsia Guideline 2020.²⁶ ^§According to American Academy of Pediatrics Neonatal Hypoglycemia Guideline.²⁷ ^*Independent samples t-test, ^**Mann-Whitney test, ^††Chi-squared test, GDM: gestational diabetes mellitus, SD: standard deviation