- Patient characteristics and objective findings.
| Variables | All | Ischemic CS | Non-ischemic CS | Post-operative CS | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Count | 188 | 118 | 64 | 6 | |
| Demographics | |||||
| Age in years | 64.3 (14.3) | 65.6 (12.7) | 62.6 (16.8) | 55 (12.7) | 0.109 |
| Male gender | 119 (63.3) | 83 (70.3) | 33 (51.6) | 3 (50.0) | 0.024 |
| Known medical conditions | |||||
| Diabetes mellitus | 134 (71.3) | 88 (74.6) | 42 (65.6) | 4 (66.7) | 0.418 |
| Heart failure | 114 (60.6) | 67 (56.8) | 44 (68.8) | 3 (50.0) | 0.244 |
| Hypertension | 122 (64.9) | 76 (64.4) | 42 (65.6) | 4 (66.7) | 1.000 |
| Arrythmia | 36 (19.1) | 21 (17.8) | 14 (21.9) | 1 (16.7) | 0.821 |
| Cardiomyopathy | 15 (8.0) | 6 (5.1) | 9 (14.1) | 0 (0.0) | 0.131 |
| Valvular disorder | 44 (23.4) | 25 (21.2) | 16 (25.0) | 3 (50.0) | 0.226 |
| Mitral regurgitation | 28 (14.9) | 19 (16.1) | 8 (12.5) | 1 (16.7) | 0.739 |
| Aortic regurgitation | 13 (6.9) | 5 (4.2) | 6 (9.4) | 2 (33.3) | 0.021 |
| Renal disease | 78 (41.5) | 44 (37.3) | 34 (53.1) | 0 (0.0) | 0.013 |
| Pulmonary disease | 62 (33.0) | 31 (26.3) | 30 (46.9) | 1 (16.7) | 0.010 |
| Vital signs | |||||
| HR at admission (BPM) | 92.1 (27.1) | 92.1 (28.1) | 91.5 (26.3) | 101.3 (13.0) | 0.789 |
| RR at admission (per minute) | 25.3 (8.2) | 25.4 (7.6) | 25.5 (9.5) | 20.3 (2.1) | 0.466 |
| O2 saturation at admission (%) | 94.2 (6.9) | 94.6 (6.1) | 93.5 (8.1) | 92.5 (11.0) | 0.594 |
| SBP at admission (mmHg) | 120.9 (29.4) | 121.7 (31.1) | 118.1 (26.9) | 137.8 (10.9) | 0.397 |
| Lowest SBP (mmHg) | 92.5 (23.5) | 93.4 (22.8) | 90.5 (23.6) | 94.5 (41.3) | 0.779 |
| DBP at admission (mmHg) | 66.8 (18.8) | 67.0 (19.6) | 66.0 (16.7) | 71.5 (27.2) | 0.838 |
| Lowest DBP (mmHg) | 50.3 (16.2) | 50.8 (16.5) | 49.0 (14.2) | 56.0 (31.1) | 0.650 |
| Investigations | |||||
| Lowest hemoglobin (g/dL) | 8.8 (3.1) | 9.0 (2.6) | 8.6 (4.0) | 7.9 (1.0) | 0.605 |
| Lowest LVEF (%) | 32.2 (13.7) | 31.0 (12.0) | 34.5 (15.9) | 30.0 (18.4) | 0.284 |
| Highest creatinine (µmol/L) | 402.3 (265.5) | 439.1(283.7) | 347.6 (224.6) | 270.3 (171.8) | 0.039 |
| Highest BUN (mmol/L) | 28.4 (16.7) | 26.9 (15.4) | 32.3 (18.5) | 16.8 (11.8) | 0.025 |
| Lowest platelet count (x109/L) | 131.4 (107.0) | 135.1 (118.9) | 128.2 (85.0) | 93.0 (67.2) | 0.619 |
| Highest lactic acid (mmol/L) | 13.0 (35.4) | 11.4 (23.6) | 15.8 (49.0) | 5.9 (1.3) | 0.729 |
| Highest PT (sec) | 44.8 (142.9) | 47.4 (179.3) | 41.2 (30.0) | 30.2 (7.5) | 0.932 |
| Highest PTT (sec) | 83.4 (37.8) | 85.2 (39.6) | 79.2 (35.2) | 91.5 (30.1) | 0.518 |
| Highest ALT (U/L) | 887.2 (1697.5) | 1134.3 (2043.8) | 489.4 (719.0) | 353.8 (493.4) | 0.037 |
| Highest AST (U/L) | 2834.7 (4481.3) | 3177.5 (4697.4) | 1982.5 (3653.7) | 5357.8 (6911.3) | 0.091 |
| Outcome | |||||
| In-hospital mortality | 160 (85.1) | 104 (88.1) | 52 (81.3) | 4 (66.7) | 0.155 |
CS: cardiogenic shock, HR: heart rate, RR: respiratory rate, SBP: systolic blood pressure, DBP: diastolic blood pressure, LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction, BUN: blood urea nitrogen, PT: prothrombin time, PTT: partial thromboplastin time, ALT: alanine aminotransferase, AST: aspartate aminotransferase. Age and measurements shown are represented as mean (standard deviation [SD]), and one-way ANOVA was used for statistical analysis. Gender, known medical conditions, and outcomes are represented as frequency (percentage within the CS subgroup); the statistical test used was the Chi-squared test