- Baseline characteristics for the studied cohort according to gender and type of surgery.
| Variables | Total (232) | Gender | P-value* | Surgery | P-value† | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male (44%) | Female (56%) | LSG sleeve (93.4%) | RYGB bypass (6.6%) | ||||
| Age (years), n (%) | |||||||
| mean (± standard deviation [SD]) | 44.3 ± 10.3 | 42.8 ± 10.5 | 45.5 ± 9.9 | 0.045 | 43.8 ± 10.1 | 52.1 ± 12.0 | 0.002 |
| < 34 years, | 38(16.4) | 24 (23.5) | 14 (10.8) | 0.054 | 37 (17.5) | 1 (6.7) | 0.002 |
| 34- 44 years | 93(40.1) | 40 (39.2) | 53 (40.8) | 87 (41.0) | 2 (13.3) | ||
| 45- 54 years | 59(25.4) | 21 (20.6) | 38 (29.2) | 54(25.5) | 4 (26.7) | ||
| >54 years | 42(18.1) | 17 (16.7) | 25 (19.2) | 34 (16.0) | 8 (53.3) | ||
| Education level, n (%) | |||||||
| Post graduate | 10 (4.58) | 6 (6.31) | 4 (3.25) | 0.000 | 6 (3.0) | 4 (22.22) | 0.379 |
| University | 84 (38.53) | 51 (53.68) | 33 (26.82) | 80 (40.0) | 4 (22.22) | ||
| High school | 72 (33.02) | 30 (31.57) | 42 (34.14) | 66 (33.0) | 6 (33.33) | ||
| <High school | 38 (17.43) | 8 (8.42) | 30 (24.39) | 36 (18.0) | 2 (11.11) | ||
| Illiterate | 14 (6.42) | 0 (0.0) | 14 (11.38) | 12 (6.0) | 2 (11.11) | ||
| Income (Saudi Riyals), n (%) | |||||||
| <5,000 SR, -- | 31(14.2) | 9 (9.5) | 22 (17.9) | 0.004 | 30 (15.0) | 1 (7.1) | 0.513 |
| 5,000-10,000 SR | 86(39.4) | 30 (31.6) | 56 (45.5) | 80 (40.0) | 6 (42.9) | ||
| >10,000 SR | 101(46.3) | 56 (58.9) | 45 (36.6) | 90 (45.0) | 7 (50.0) | ||
| Smoking status, n (%) | |||||||
| Current | 28 (12.8) | 24 (25.0) | 4 (3.3) | 0.000 | 27 (13.4) | 0 (0.0) | 0.051 |
| Ex-smoker | 21 (9.6) | 20 (20.8) | 1 (0.8) | 21 (10.4) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| None | 170 (77.6) | 52 (54.2) | 118 (95.9) | 153 (76.1) | 14 (100) | ||
| Physical activity, n (%) | |||||||
| ≥150 min/week | 99 (45.4) | 50 (50.5) | 49 (49.5) | 0.172 | 93 (95.9) | 4 (4.1) | 0.193 |
| Body mass index, n (%) | |||||||
| mean (± SD) | 45±6.75 | 44.90±6.70 | 45.51 ± 6.82 | 0.495 | 45.31 ± 6.70 | 44.4 ± 7.65 | 0.616 |
| < 35 kg/m2 | 7 (3.0) | 4 (3.9) | 3 (2.3) | 0.000 | 6 (2.8) | 1 (6.7) | 0.615 |
| 36-40 kg/m2 | 42 (18.2) | 16 (15.7) | 26 (20.2) | 35 (16.6) | 5 (33.3) | ||
| > 40 kg/m2 | 182 (78.8) | 82 (80.4) | 100 (77.5) | 170 (80.6) | 9 (60.0) | ||
| Diabetes mellitus duration | |||||||
| mean (± SD) | 8 ± 7 | 8 ± 8 | 9 ± 7 | 0.501 | 8 ± 7 | 15 ± 11 | 0.001 |
| <5 years | 99 (48.1) | 50 (55.9) | 49 (42.2) | 0.307 | 93 (49.5) | 4 (28.6) | 0.024 |
| 6 -10 years | 53 (25.7) | 20 (22.2) | 33 (28.4) | 50 (26.6) | 2 (14.3) | ||
| >10 years | 54 (26.2) | 20 (22.2) | 34 (29.3) | 45 (23.9) | 8 (57.1) | ||
| Diabetes mellitus complication | |||||||
| Neuropathy | 50 (49.01) | 20 (51.28) | 30 (47.61) | 0.326 | 46 (51.11) | 4 (36.36) | 0.46 |
| Retinopathy | 47 (46.07) | 17 (43.58) | 30 (47.61) | 0.267 | 40 (44.44) | 6 (54.54) | 0.068 |
| Vasculopathy | 3 (2.94) | 1 (2.56) | 2 (3.17) | 0.603 | 3 (3.33) | 0 (0.0) | 0.807 |
| Nephropathy | 2 (1.96) | 1 (2.56) | 1 (1.58) | 0.852 | 1 (1.11) | 1 (9.09) | 0.826 |
| Comorbidity | |||||||
| Hypertension | 111 (48.3) | 50 (45.0) | 61 (55.0) | 0.459 | 100 (90.1) | 11 (9.9) | 0.046 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 104 (45.2) | 42 (40.4) | 62 (59.6) | 0.152 | 89 (87.3) | 13 (12.7) | 0.001 |
| Hyperthyroidism | 34 (15.0) | 9 (26.5) | 25 (73.5) | 0.005 | 30 (88.2) | 4 (11.8) | 0.93 |
| Metabolic markers | |||||||
| Hemoglobin A1c (%) | 8.04 ± 1.59 | 8.42 ± 1.77 | 8.22 ± 1.67 | 0.100 | 8.93 ± 2.04 | 8.04 ± 1.59 | 0.121 |
| Fasting blood sugar (mmol/L) | 8.25 ± 1.70 | 8.99 ± 3.67 | 9.01 ± 3.32 | 0.962 | 9.08 ± 3.44 | 8.47 ± 3.95 | 0.528 |
| High density lipoprotein (mmol/L) | 9.00 ± 3.46 | 1.27 ± 0.77 | 1.23 ± 0.40 | 0.660 | 1.23 ± 0.52 | 1.42 ± 0.86 | 0.228 |
| Low density lipoprotein (mmol/L) | 1.24 ± 0.56 | 2.54 ± 0.76 | 2.83 ± 0.97 | 0.064 | 2.76 ± 0.90 | 2.42 ± 0.85 | 0.157 |
| Ttriglycerides (mmol/L) | 2.73 ± 0.91 | 1.68 ± 0.91 | 1.62 ± 0.90 | 0.686 | 1.63 ± 0.93 | 1.68 ± 0.61 | 0.850 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.64 ± 0.90 | 4.04 ± 1.19 | 4.56 ± 1.28 | 0.016 | 4.37 ± 1.29 | 4.28 ± 1.08 | 0.784 |
| Renal functions | |||||||
| Serum creatinine,(µmol/L) | 4.36 ± 1.27 | 71.46 ± 21.74 | 59.14 ± 26.68 | 0.00 | 64.25 ± 26.13 | 65.36 ± 14.65 | 0.875 |
| Blood urea nitrogen, (mg/dl) | 64.39 ± 25.38 | 5.73 ± 3.82 | 4.96 ± 5.28 | 0.348 | 5.37 ± 5.00 | 3.96 ± 1.35 | 0.316 |
| Thyroid functions | |||||||
| Thyroid stimulating hormone (mIU/L) | 5.25 ± 4.78 | 2.44 ± 1.75 | 2.58 ± 1.65 | 0.610 | 2.46 ± 1.61 | 2.97 ± 2.55 | 0.366 |
| Free thyroxin t4 test (pmol/L) | 2.52 ± 1.69 | 12.62 ± 5.73 | 14.41 ± 4.71 | 0.063 | 14.06 ± 5.01 | 14.49 ± 2.11 | 0.780 |