- Summarize all prevalence, risk factor, ABO genes report from various studies in Saudi Arabia.
| Study | City | Period | Prevalence of MDR A. baumannii/percentage | Risk Factors | ABO Genes | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| King Fahad National Guard Hospital | Riyadh | 2004-2009 | The susceptibility of A. baumannii to imipenem (55% to 10%), meropenem (33% to 10%), ciprofloxacin (22% to 10%), and amikacin (12% to 6%) was greatly reduced. | N/A | N/A | 39 |
| King Abdulaziz Medical City Hospital | Riyadh | 2006-2008 | Resistance against Meropenem (92.1%), Imipenem (79.1%) | N/A | N/A | 40 |
| Riyadh Military Hospital | Riyadh | January to December 2009 | Resistance against Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (96), Piperacillin/tazobactam (93), Ciprofloxacin (92) | N/A | N/A | 41 |
| Tertiary Hospital | Riyadh | January to December 2010 | Resistance against Ceftazidime (78), Cefepime (78), Aztreonam (78), Imipenem (89), Meropenem (89), Tigecycline (56), Colistin (30) | N/A | GES-5 makes A. baumannii resistant to carbapenems. | 42 |
| King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre | Riyadh | 2008-2012 | Resistance against Imipenem and Meropenem (54%), but it was sensitivity to Tigecycline and Colistin (57%). | Diabetic patients | blaOXA-23, blaOXA-24/40 | 44 |
| Multiple hospitals | Various regions including Riyadh, Jeddah, Al Medina Al Munawwarah, and Makkah | 2018-2019 | N/A | Mechanically ventilated patients, military hospitals, and fewer ICU beds | N/A | 45 |
| Security Forces Hospital | Riyadh | 2006, 2009, and 2012 | Considering years 2006, 2009 and 2012, the susceptibilities to meropenem and imipenem were 64–81.2%, 34.5–45.3%, and 8.3–11%, respectively | N/A | N/A | 46 |
| Tertiary care hospital | Riyadh | 2006-2014 | The PER-1 locus is highly prevalent among carbapenem-resistant. | N/A | PER-1 | 47 |
| King Fahad Specialist Hospital | Buraidah | January to December 2011 | Resistance against Ciprofloxacin (90%), Ceftazidime (89%), Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (66%) | N/A | N/A | 48 |
| Al-Rass General Hospital | Al-Rass | December 2014 to March 2015 | Resistance against Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (100), Ciprofloxacin (100%), Piperacillin (100%), Ceftazidime (100%), Trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole (100%), Gentamicin (90.9%), Amikacin (80%) | N/A | N/A | 49 |
| Territory care hospital in Qassim | Qassim area | March - December 2017 | Multidrug resistance (57.7%), Carbapenem (56.8%) | N/A | blaOXA-23 like gene and ISAba1 | 50 |
| King Fahad Specialist Hospital | Dammam | January - June of 2014 | Among tested carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii (CRAB) isolates: 100% resistance against ciprofloxacin and cefepime, 62.9% resistance to gentamicin, 51.4% resistance to tigecycline, and 40% resistance to amikacin. No significant difference in colistin resistance compared to carbapenem-susceptible Acinetobacter bacteria | ICU patients | N/A | 51 |
| Tertiary care hospital | Dammam | January 2010 until February 2012 | Sensitive to the antibiotic colistin. Ceftazidime (85.1%), Cefepime (73.8%) Resistance against Imipenem were 32.6%, while Meropenem was found to be 33.3% | ICU patients | Carbapenem resistance came from blaOXA-23 at ISAba1. | 52 |
| King Fahd Hospital of the University | Al Khobar | February to September 2014 | Resistance against Imipenem 93.3% and Meropenem 96.6% | ERIC-PCR genotyped CRAB | 53 | |
| seven major hospitals | Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia | 2008-2012 | 69% showed carbapenem resistance, | N/A | Gene blaVIM | 54 |
| General hospital | General hospital in Saudi Arabia’s Eastern region | N/A | 35.5% of surfaces tested were contaminated with multidrug-resistant isolates of carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii | Environmental contamination, | blaOXA-66, blaOXA-69, and blaGES | 55 |
| King Abdul-Aziz Hospital | Jeddah | January 2010 - December 2013 | The prevalence of MDR and PDR A. baumannii increased from 55% and 20% respectively in 2010 to 67% and 33% in 2013.Resistance against 100% Ceftriaxone, 92.3 % Gentamycine, Cefepine 88.7%, Levofloxacin 88.5%, Piperacelli/Tazobactam 88.4%, Ciprofloxacin 88.4%, Meropenem 88.2%, Ceftazidme 88.2%, Imipenem 86.5%, Amikacin 84.6%, Trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole 69.3%, while Colistin and Tigecycline were with no resistance | N/A | blaOXA-66, blaADC-25, blaOXA-23 | 49 |
| N/A | Jeddah | 1998-2004 | prevalence of multidrug resistance to cefoxitin (89%), nitrofurantoin (89%), and ampicillin (86%), only 3% of isolates demonstrated imipenem resistance | N/A | N/A | 56 |
| King Abdulaziz Hospital | Jeddah | 2015 | N/A | N/A | strains expressed the resistance genes blaOXA-66, blaADC-25, as well as blaOXA-23 | 57 |
| Tertiary Hospital | Madinah | 2018 | Summer had 39.15% of these infections, autumn 28.17%, winter 26.48%, and spring 6.2%. | Respiratory system infection, summer months | N/A | 58 |
| Two hospitals | Makkah | January -June 2015 | Beta-lactam resistance was high. Ceftazidime was also resistant to A. baumannii (n=16, 77%). | N/A | N/A | 59 |
| Local hospitals | Makkah | from 2012- 2014 | High prevalence of A. baumannii ESBL producers 94 % were found to be resistant to cefepime and ceftazidime, and aztreonam | ICU | Bla, TEM, SHV, and CTX-M-group genes 1, 2, 8, 9, and 25 were examined. Additionally, bla-OXA51-like and bal-OXA23-like genes | 60 |
| Al-Noor Specialist Hospital, and Hera Hospital | Makkah | October 2005 to March 2006 | The most prevalent Gram-negative bacteria A. baumannii (10.8%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (8.3%), Klebsiella sp. (6.2%), Haemophilus influenzae (3.7%), Enterobacter (1.9%), Proteus (3.3%).50%-100% resistance to most antimicrobial drugs | N/A | N/A | 61 |
| Different major hospitals | Makkah and Jeddah | N/A | A. baumannii isolates showed tigecycline and colistin susceptibility, whereas 81 and 84% were resistant to imipenem and meropenem, respectively. | The presence of underlying diseases was identified as a significant risk factor for A. baumannii high drug resistance. | blaOXA, blaVIM, and ISAba1 | 62 |
| Seven different hospitals | Makkah | February-April 2011 | resistance rates to multiple agents, including piperacillin (93.1%), tetracycline (76.4%), aztreonam (80.5), cefotaxime (75%), and ampicillin (76.4%). | N/A | N/A | 63 |
| Al Noor Specialist | Makkah | 1 January 2012 and 31 August 2012 | The study showed that some drugs, like ceftazidime (92%), imipenem (83.3%), trimethoprim (83%), gentamicin (72.7%), and amikacin (79%), have alarmingly high rates of resistance to more than one drug. | Nosocomial infections caused by Acinetobacter are linked to being in the ICU and being exposed to invasive treatments. | N/A | 64 |
| Al-Noor Specialist Hospital | Makkah | between 2012 and 2015 | A. baumannii 1710 (99.13%) was carbapenem-resistant. | N/A | N/A | 65 |
| Community Hospital | Al Jouf, | N/A | 7.1% of isolates were resistant to most commonly used antibiotics | Multidrug-resistant organisms can cause.Surgical site infection and increase mortality. | N/A | 66 |
| N/A | Al Jouf, | January - December 2019 | Carbapenem resistance shows hospital antimicrobial medication non-compliance.A. baumannii was resistant to several 1st to 4th generation cephalosporins, 87% of isolates were sensitive to ceftriaxone | Resistant BSI-causing microorganisms make infection management difficult and complicate treatment, | RFLP patterns | 67 |
| Prince Mutaib Bin Abdulaziz Hospital | Al Jouf, | January-December 2017 | Carbapenem resistance indicates hospital antimicrobial treatment noncompliance. | Hospitals struggle to handle resistant BSI-causing bacteria, | 68 | |
| N/A | Aseer | 2013-2014 | Highly resistant to cefepime (89.8%), ciprofloxacin (82.9%), and gentamicin (81.5%) | ISAba1/OXA-23 and ISAba1/OXA-24 | 72 | |
| Tertiary care hospital | Najran | October 2012 to March 2013 | Highly resistant to ciprofloxacin (75%), imipenem (25%), meropenem (50%), and nitrofurantoin (50%) | the incidence of ESBL development in the region. | N/A | 17 |
| King Khalid Hospital | Najran | Cefuroxime was 79%, amikacin was 43%, and colistin was 8% | include old age, chronic diseases, and invasive procedures | N/A | 73 |
Acinetobacter baumannii: A. baumannii, MDR: multidrug resistance, ICU: intensive care units, Ref: reference, N/A: not applicable
Acinetobacter baumannii: A. baumannii, MDR: multidrug resistance, ICU: intensive care units, Ref: reference?, N/A: not applicable, CRAB: carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii
Acinetobacter baumannii: A. baumannii, MDR: multidrug resistance, ICU: intensive care units, Ref: reference?, N/A: not applicable, CRAB: carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii, BSI: bloodstream infection