Table 1

- Mechanism of action and resistance of different antimicrobials and resistance rates against Clostridioides difficile.

Antimicrobials	Targets	Putative resistance mechanism (S)	Resistances (%)	Refrences
Metronidazole	Bacterial DNA	Alterations in some metabolic pathways, biofilm formation	0-20.25	32,33,36,41
Vancomycin	Binding to D-alanyl-D-alanine residues precursor of peptidoglycan	Mutations in peptidoglycan biosynthesis-required proteins, biofilm formation	0-41	32,33,36,41
Rifampicin	Bacterial DNA-dependent RNA polymerase	Mutations in rpoB	0-91	32,36,41
Clindamycin	50s ribosomal subunit of bacteria	Alterations in ribosomal target or active efflux pumps	0-100	26,32,33,36,41
Erythromycin	50s subunit of the bacteria	Alterations in ribosomal target or active efflux pumps	0-100	26,32,33,36,41
Tetracycline	30S ribosomal subunit of bacteria	Tetracycline resistance protein (tetM) and the active efflux pumps	0-62.7	26,32,33,36,41
Moxifloxacin	Bacterial DNA gyrase	Alteration of the drug target	0-100	32,33,41
Fusidic acid	Blocking the ribosome by binding to “factor G”	Mutations in fusA	0-40	41
Ciprofloxacin	Bacterial DNA gyrase	Alteration of the drug target and the active efflux pumps	23-42	33,41