- Sleep disturbance in different group.
| Variables | Total (N) | Difficulties initiating sleep | Difficulties maintaining sleep | Early awaking | Insomnia | Subjective impairment | Irregular sleep-wake type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | |||||||
| Male | 652 | 307 (47.1) | 252 (38.7) | 258 (39.6) | 155 (23.8) | 249 (38.2) | 145 (22.2) |
| Female | 1321 | 420 (31.8) | 332 (25.1) | 336 (25.4) | 157 (11.9) | 350 (26.5) | 133 (10.1) |
| P-values | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | |
| Higher education students | |||||||
| University | 1138 | 458 (40.3) | 377 (33.1) | 379 (33.3) | 217 (19.1) | 388 (34.1) | 194 (17.0) |
| College | 835 | 268 (32.1) | 207 (24.8) | 215 (25.7) | 95 (11.4) | 211 (25.3) | 84 (10.1) |
| P-values | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | |
| Undergrade year of study | |||||||
| Freshman | 546 | 148 (27.1) | 121 (22.2) | 114 (20.9) | 48 (8.8) | 131 (24.0) | 36 (6.6) |
| Sophomores/junior | 940 | 300 (40.5) | 229 (30.9) | 237 (32.0) | 128 (17.3) | 233 (39.0) | 115 (15.5) |
| Senior | 487 | 279 (40.7) | 234 (34.1) | 243 (35.4) | 136 (19.8) | 235 (39.3) | 121 (18.5) |
| P-values | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | |
| Depression history | |||||||
| Yes | 126 | 59 (46.8) | 52 (41.3) | 48 (38.1) | 26 (20.6) | 48 (38.1) | 27 (21.4) |
| No | 1847 | 668 (36.2) | 532 (28.8) | 546 (29.6) | 245 (13.3) | 541 (29.3) | 244 (13.2) |
| P-values | 0.016 | 0.003 | 0.043 | 0.020 | 0.037 | 0.010 | |
| Academic stress | |||||||
| Yes | 951 | 398 (41.8) | 344 (36.2) | 336 (35.3) | 182 (19.1) | 295 (31.0) | 164 (17.2) |
| No | 1022 | 329 (32.2) | 240 (23.5) | 258 (25.2) | 130 (12.7) | 240 (23.5) | 114 (11.1) |
| P-values | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | |
| Major life events | |||||||
| Yes | 796 | 312 (39.2) | 262 (32.9) | 271 (34.0) | 142 (17.8) | 263 (33.0) | 127 (15.9) |
| No | 1177 | 407 (34.6) | 322 (27.4) | 323 (27.4) | 170 (14.4) | 336 (28.5) | 150 (12.7) |
| P-values | 0.037 | 0.008 | 0.002 | 0.043 | 0.033 | 0.044 | |
| Bad bedroom environment | |||||||
| Yes | 995 | 449 (45.1) | 375 (37.7) | 365 (36.7) | 209 (21.0) | 367 (36.9) | 187 (18.7) |
| No | 978 | 278 (28.4) | 209 (21.4) | 229 (23.4) | 103 (10.5) | 232 (23.7) | 91 (9.3) |
| P-values | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | |
Values are presented as numbers and precentages (%).