Table 1

- Characteristics of the included patients in reviewed articles.

Case no.	Authors	Year of publication	Ages	Genders	Anti-coagulation/coagulopathy	Mechanism of injury	Presenting symptoms	Time from injury to symptoms (hours)	Associated injuries
1.	Smith et al³⁹	1988	77	F	No Hx	Fall	Neck pain, dysphagia, stridor, dyspnea, forehead ecchymosis	Unknown	0
2.	Myssiorek et al¹⁰	1989	80	M	No Hx	MVA	Dysphagia, hoarseness, dyspnea	2 hrs.	0
3.	Biby et al⁴⁰	1990	27	F	No Hx	MVA	AMS, neck pain, trismus, dysphagia	Unknown	Odontoid fracture, cranial nerve VI palsy
4.	Kuhn et al²⁹	1991	22	M	No Hx	Motorcycle accident	Stridor, dyspnea, salivation	Unknown	Mandibular fracture, C5, 6 fracture subluxation
5.	Kuhn et al²⁹	1991	70	M	No Hx	MVA	AMS, cyanosis, dyspnea	Unknown	Mandibular fracture, C2, 3 fracture subluxation, C7 fracture
6.	Kuhn et al²⁹	1991	58	M	No Hx	Fall	Stridor, salivation	Unknown	C1-3 fractures
7.		1991	82	M	No Hx	Fall	Dyspnea, stridor	Unknown	Clavicle fracture
8.		1991	22	M	No Hx	MVA	Dyspnea	Unknown	C6 quadriplegia
9.		1991	75	M	No Hx	MVA	Dyspnea	½ hrs.	C4, 5 fractures
10.		1991	92	M	No Hx	Fall	Dyspnea	1 hrs.	T4 quadriplegia
11.		1991	83	M	No Hx	MVA	Cardiac arrest	11 hrs.	C4,5 fractures and dislocation, quadriplegia
12.	Daniello et al⁴¹	1994	57	F	No Hx	Fall	Dyspnea, dysphagia, epistaxis	Unknown	0
13.	Shaw et al⁴²	1995	Unknown (elderly)	M	No Hx	Pedestrian struck by a car	Dysphagia, odynophagia, dyspnea, hoarseness, neck swelling	Unknown	0
14.	Mitchell et al¹¹	1995	28	F	No Hx	MVA	AMS, hoarseness, stridor, neck pain, agitation	Unknown	0
15.	O’Donnell et al⁴³	1997	19	M	No Hx	Motorcycle accident	Neck swelling, cyanosis, AMS, hematemesis, apnea, pulseless	Unknown	Atlantooccipital fracture and dislocation
16.	Mazzon et al⁴⁴	1998	81	M	No Hx	MVA	Obtunded, cyanosis, symptoms of upper airway obstruction, neck swelling, AMS	Unknown	C4, 5 fractures
17.	Cox et al⁴⁵	1998	13	F	No Hx	Bicycle accident	AMS, neck swelling, neck pain, stridor	Unknown	Skull fracture
18.	Senthuran et al¹³	1999	68	F	No Hx	Fall	Fever, dyspnea, cyanosis, bradycardia	Unknown	0
19.	Sandooram et al⁹	2000	78	M	Warfarin	Fall	Dyspnea, dysphonia, dysphagia, tachypneic, stridor, salivation	Unknown	0
20.	Vakees et al⁴⁶	2000	88	F	No Hx	Fall	dyspnea, hoarseness, neck swelling	6 hrs.	0
21.	Kette et al⁴⁷	2000	67	M	No Hx	Fall	AMS, neck pain, dyspnea, hoarseness	Unknown	0
22.	El Kettaniet al⁴⁸	2002	37	M	No Hx	MVA	Dyspnea, dysphagia, neck pain, stridor	10 hrs.	Clavicle fracture, C6 fracture
23.	Van Velde et al⁴⁹	2002	84	F	No Hx	Fall	Dyspnea, stridor, sore throat, neck swelling	5 hrs.	0
24.	Shiratori et al⁵⁰	2003	40	M	No Hx	Skiing accident	neck pain, dyspnea	Immediately	Tracheal displacement
25.	Kochilas et al⁵¹	2004	53	M	No Hx	Fall	stridor, dysphonia, neck swelling, dysphagia	4 hrs.	0
26.	Suzuki et al³³	2004	67	M	No Hx	MVA	dyspnea, neck pain, cervical pain, cyanosis, AMS	Immediately	C5 fracture
27.	Anagnostara et al⁵²	2005	58	M	No Hx	MVA	Dyspnea, dysphagia, sore throat, hoarseness, cyanosis	Unknown	0
28	Chiti-Batelli et al⁵³	2005	54	F	Warfarin	Fall	Dysphagia, hoarseness, dyspnea	20-21 hrs.	0
29.	Duvillard et al⁵⁴	2005	40	M	No Hx of anti	Struck by metallic lump	Dyspnea, dysphagia	Unknown	0
30.	Duvillard et al⁵⁴	2005	94	M	No Hx of anti	Fall	Dysphagia	Unknown	0
31.	Freeman et al⁵⁵	2005	31	M	No Hx	Motorcycle accident	Cervical pain	Unknown	0
32.	Lin et al³²	2006	50	M	No Hx	Fall	Dyspnea, hoarseness, neck swelling	Unknown	0
33.	Sheah et al⁵⁶	2006	90	M	No Hx	Fall	Stridor, neck swelling	Unknown	Tracheal dislocation and compression
34.	Wyngaert et al⁵⁷	2006	27	M	No Hx	MVA	Neck pain, dyspnea, stridor	Unknown	Occipital condyles fracture, anterior arcus of the atlas fracture
35.	Takeuchi et al⁵⁸	2007	31	M	No Hx	Motorcycle accident	Neck pain, dyspnea, hoarseness	Unknown	Atlantooccipital dislocation, cervical subdural hematoma, traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage, mandibular fracture.
36.	Lazott et al⁵⁹	2007	50	M	No Hx	Fall	Neck pain, dyspnea, hoarseness	Unknown	Brachial plexus injury, C1 fracture
37.	Srivastava et al⁶⁰	2008	85	F	Warfarin	Fall	Stridor	Unknown	0
38.	Tsai et al³⁰	2008	40	M	No Hx	Fall	Dyspnea, dysphonia, throat pain, neck pain	Unknown	0
39.	Birkholz et al⁶¹	2010	77	M	No Hx	MVA	Dyspnea and hypoxic cardiac arrest.	Unknown	Leg fracture, C2 fracture, partial tetraparesis, larynx dislocation
40.	Morita et al⁶²	2010	92	M	No Hx	Fall	Sore throat, dyspnea and neck pain	6 hrs.	Ligament injury, minor vascular injury around the injured ligament
41.	Wronka et al⁶³	2011	89	M	No Hx	Fall	Dysphagia, dysarthria, dyspnea, stridor, hoarseness	168 hrs.	C2 fracture and displacement
42.	Pfeiffer et al⁶⁴	2011	92	F	No Hx	Fall	Dyspnea, dysphagia, odynophagia	10 hrs.	All cervical spine injury
43.	Lin et al⁶⁵	2011	84	F	Warfarin	Fall	Capp’s triad, dyspnea, neck swelling	Unknown	Tracheal dislocation and compression
44.	Ottaviani et al⁶⁶	2011	77	F	Heparin	Iatrogenic	Hoarseness, sore throat, dysphagia	48 hrs.	0
45.	Senel et al³⁸	2012	86	F	No Hx	Fall	Dyspnea, cyanosis, neck swelling	Unknown	0
46.	Jakanani et al⁶⁷	2012	65	F	No Hx	Fall	Dyspnea, cardiac arrest	Unknown	C5 fracture, prevertebral hematoma
47.	Nurata et al⁶⁸	2012	4	M	No Hx	Somersault	Neck stiffness, neck pain	Unknown	0
48.	Iizuka et al⁶⁹	2012	30	F	No Hx	MVA	Dyspnea, neck swelling, AMS	Unknown	C4-7 fracture, Intracranial hemorrhage
49.	Paul et al⁷⁰	2015	75	M	No Hx	Fall	Neck pain, dysphagia, dyspnea, AMS, stridor, hoarseness, and cyanosis.	Unknown	0
50.	Thamamongood et al⁷¹	2015	77	F	No Hx	Fall	Neck swelling, odynophagia	Unknown	0
51.	Park et al⁷²	2015	51	M	No Hx	Fall	Neck pain, dyspnea.	Unknown	0
52.	Park et al⁷²	2015	78	M	No Hx	Fall	Neck swelling, dyspnea	4 hrs.	0
53.	Calogero et al⁷³	2015	80	M	No Hx	Fall	Dysphagia, hoarseness, neck swelling,	Unknown	0
54.	Kudo et al⁷⁴	2017	83	F	No Hx	MVA	AMS, dyspnea, hemorrhagic shock, neck swelling	Unknown	Subarachnoid hemorrhage, C4, 5 dislocations
55.	Lowe et al⁷⁵	2017	60	F	No Hx	Fall	hoarseness, dysphagia, neck pain, neck swelling	Unknown	Upper aerodigestive tract distortion, loss of normal cervical lordosis
56.	Betten et al⁷⁶	2018	81	F	No Hx	Fall	Stridor, Dyspnea, AMS	10 hrs.	0
57.	Ren et al⁷⁷	2019	55	M	No Hx	Iatrogenic	Cervical swelling, dysphagia	33 hrs.	0
58.	Devarakonda et al⁷⁸	2019	22	M	No Hx of anti	Fall	------	Unknown	Fracture angle (left) Parasymphysis (right) of mandible +trauma in the oropharynx.
59.	Chang et al⁷⁹	2019	93	M	No Hx	Fall	Neck swelling	Unknown	Incomplete quadriplegia
60.	Chang et al⁷⁹	2019	53	M	No Hx	MVA	Neck pain	Unknown	0
61.	Arai et al⁸⁰	2020	75	M	No Hx	Fall	Dyspnea, AMS	Unknown	Cervical cord injury
62.	Yu et al⁸¹	2020	55	M	No Hx	Bicycle accident	Dyspnea, neck swelling	Unknown	0
63.	Iida et al⁸²	2020	79	M	Warfarin	Fall	Neck pain, back pain, dyspnea	4 hrs.	Cervical spine at the C3 level, as well as a fracture in the spinous process of the cervical spine.
64.	Baek et al⁸³	2020	49	M	No Hx	MVA	Dyspnea, neck swelling	Unknown	0
65.	Kitai et al⁸⁴	2021	75	M	No Hx	Fall	Dysphagia, neck swelling	6 hrs.	Left scapula fracture, left fifth metacarpal fracture
66.	Patel et al⁸⁵	2021	83	M	No Hx	Blunt force trauma by the closing doors	Neck pain, dysphagia, stridor	1-1.5 hrs.	0

M: male, F: female, Hx: history, C: cervical spine, MVA: motor vehicle accidents, AMS: altered mental status.