Table 3

- Managements and its outcomes.

Case No.	Author	Year of publication	Method of airway management	Treatment modalities	Acute complications	Cause of mortality	ICU
1	Smith et al³⁹	1988	Tracheostomy	Observe	None	No	No
2	Myssiorek et al¹⁰	1989	Endotracheal intubation	Percutaneous aspiration	None	No	No
3	Biby et al⁴⁰	1990	Endotracheal intubation	Observe	None	No	No
4	Kuhn et al²⁹	1991	First tried endotracheal intubation, then cricothyroidotomy	Observe	Anoxic brain damage	No	No
5			First tried endotracheal intubation, then cricothyroidotomy	Observe	None	No	No
6			Endotracheal intubation	Observe	None	No	No
7			Tracheostomy	Observe	Difficulty swallowing solid foods for months	No	No
8			First tried endotracheal intubation, then cricothyroidotomy	Observe	Respiratory arrest	No	No
9			Tracheostomy	Observe	Fatal pneumonia and multiple organ failure	No	No
10			Endotracheal intubation	Observe	Respiratory arrest	No	No
11			First tried endotracheal intubation, then tracheostomy	Observe	Cardiopulmonary arrest	No	No
12	Daniello et al⁴¹	1994	First tried endotracheal intubation, then cricothyroidotomy	Observe	Non	No	No
13	Shaw et al⁴²	1995	Tracheostomy	Observe	None	No	No
14	Mitchell et al¹¹	1995	Endotracheal intubation	Percutaneous aspiration	None	No	No
15	O’Donnell et al⁴³	1997	First tried endotracheal intubation, then tracheostomy	Observe	None	Multisystem organ failure	Yes
16	Mazzon et al⁴⁴	1998	First tried endotracheal intubation, then tracheostomy	Observe	None	No	Yes
17	Cox et al⁴⁵	1998	Endotracheal intubation	Observe	None	No	Yes
18	Senthuran et al¹³	1999	First tried endotracheal intubation, then tracheostomy	Observe	Pneumonia, left arm swelling, subclavian and internal jugular vein thrombus	No	Yes
19	Sandooram et al⁹	2000	First tried endotracheal intubation, then tracheostomy	Observe	None	No	No
20	Vakees et al⁴⁶	2000	Endotracheal intubation	Percutaneous aspiration	None	No	No
21	Kette et al⁴⁷	2000	Not mentioned	Observe	None	No	Yes
22	El Kettani et al⁴⁸	2002	Not mentioned	Observe	None	No	Yes
23	Van Velde et al⁴⁹	2002	Endotracheal intubation	Observe	None	No	No
24	Shiratori et al⁵⁰	2003	Endotracheal intubation	Observe	None	No	No
25	Kochilas et al⁵¹	2004	Endotracheal intubation	Transcutaneous arterial embolization	None	No	Yes
26	Suzuki et al³³	2004	First tried endotracheal intubation, then tracheostomy	Observe	None	Hemodynamically unstable	Yes
27	Anagnostara et al⁵²	2005	Endotracheal intubation	Observe	None	No	No
28	Chiti-Batelli et al⁵³	2005	Endotracheal intubation	Observe	None	No	No
29	Duvillard et al⁵⁴	2005	Tracheostomy	Observe	None	No	No
30	Duvillard et al⁵⁴	2005	Endotracheal intubation	Percutaneous aspiration	None	No	No
31	Freeman et al⁵⁵	2005	Tracheostomy	Percutaneous aspiration	None	No	No
32	Lin et al³²	2006	Not mentioned	Observe	None	No	Yes
33	Sheah et al⁵⁶	2006	Endotracheal intubation	Observe	None	No	No
34	Wyngaert et al⁵⁷	2006	First tried endotracheal intubation, then tracheostomy	Observe	None	No	No
35	Takeuchi et al⁵⁸	2007	Endotracheal intubation	Transcutaneous arterial embolization	None	No	No
36	Lazott et al⁵⁹	2007	Not mentioned	Observe	None	No	Yes
37	Srivastava et al⁶⁰	2008	Endotracheal intubation	Surgery	Pulmonary oedema, type 2 respiratory failure	No	Yes
38	Tsai et al³⁰	2008	Endotracheal intubation	Surgery	None	No	No
39	Birkholz et al⁶¹	2010	Endotracheal intubation	Observe	None	No	No
40	Morita et al⁶²	2010	Tracheostomy	Observe	None	No	No
41	Wronka et al⁶³	2011	First tried endotracheal intubation, then tracheostomy	Surgery	None	No	No
42	Pfeiffer et al⁶⁴	2011	Endotracheal intubation	Observe	None	No	No
43	Lin et al⁶⁵	2011	First tried endotracheal intubation, then tracheostomy	Observe	None	No	No
44	Ottaviani et al⁶⁶	2011	Endotracheal intubation	Percutaneous aspiration	None	No	No
45	Can Senel et al³⁸	2012	Endotracheal intubation	Observe	None	Multiple organ failure	Yes
46	Jakanani et al⁶⁷	2012	Endotracheal intubation	Percutaneous aspiration	None	No	No
47	Nurata et al⁶⁸	2012	First tried endotracheal intubation, then tracheostomy	Observe	None	No	No
48	Iizuka et al⁶⁹	2012	Endotracheal intubation	Transcutaneous arterial embolization	None	No	Yes
49	Paul et al⁷⁰	2015	Not mentioned	Observe	None	Multiple organ failure	Yes
50	Thamamongood et al⁷¹	2015	Endotracheal intubation	Observe	None	No	Yes
51	Park et al⁷²	2015	Tracheostomy	Surgery	None	No	No
52	Park et al⁷²	2015	Not mentioned	Observe	None	No	No
53	Calogero et al⁷³	2015	Endotracheal intubation	Surgery	haemorrhage from the branches of the internal thoracic artery	No	No
55	Lowe et al⁷⁵	2017	Endotracheal intubation	Transcutaneous arterial embolization	None	No	No
56	Betten et al⁷⁶	2018	Endotracheal intubation	Transcutaneous arterial embolization	None	Multiple organ failure	No
57	Ren et al⁷⁷	2019	Tracheostomy	Surgery	None	No	No
58	Devarakonda et al⁷⁸	2019	First tried endotracheal intubation, then tracheostomy	Surgery	Submucosal swelling in the posterior wall of the pharynx, at the naso-oro junction, approximating the outline of the endotracheal tube	No	Yes
59	Chang et al⁷⁹	2019	Endotracheal intubation	Surgery	None	No	No
60	Chang et al⁷⁹	2019	Not mentioned	Surgery	None	No	No
61	Arai et al⁸⁰	2020	Not mentioned	Observe	None	No	No
62	Yu et al⁸¹	2020	Endotracheal intubation	Observe	None	No	No
63	Iida et al⁸²	2020	Endotracheal intubation	Observe	None	No	No
64	Baek et al⁸³	2020	First tried endotracheal intubation, then tracheostomy	Surgery	None	No	No
65	Kitai et al⁸⁴	2021	Endotracheal intubation	Observe	None	No	No
66	Patel et al⁸⁵	2021	Endotracheal intubation	Surgery	Diffuse mucosal oedema and copious secretions	No	No
66	Patel et al⁸⁵	2021	Endotracheal intubation	Surgery	Diffuse mucosal oedema and copious secretions	No	No