- Initial signs and symptoms, degree of dehydration, and diabetes ketoacidosis (DKA) severity.
| Parameter | Overall N=156 | DKA severity | P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mild n=47 | Moderate n=61 | Severe n=48 | |||
| Signs | |||||
| Kassmaul breathing | 54 (34.6%) | 4 (8.5%) | 17 (27.9%) | 33 (68.8%) | <0.001 |
| Tachycardia | 97 (62.2%) | 19 (40.4%) | 35 (57.4%) | 43 (89.6%) | <0.001 |
| Glasgow Coma Scale | 14.6 ± 1.3 | 15.0 ± 0.0 | 14.9 ± 0.6 | 13.7 ± 2.0 | <0.001 |
| Fever | 15 (9.6%) | 3 (6.4%) | 8 (13.1%) | 4 (8.3%) | 0.488 |
| Polyphagia | 9 (5.8%) | 2 (4.3%) | 5 (8.2%) | 2 (4.2%) | 0.69 |
| Polydipsia | 79 (51.0%) | 22 (46.8%) | 33 (55.0%) | 24 (50.0%) | 0.693 |
| Polyuria | 84 (53.8%) | 24 (51.1%) | 32 (52.5%) | 28 (58.3%) | 0.747 |
| Blurry vision | 7 (4.5%) | 2 (4.3%) | 2 (3.3%) | 3 (6.3%) | 0.887 |
| Symptoms | |||||
| Decreased activity | 97 (62.2%) | 21 (44.7%) | 34 (55.7%) | 42 (87.5%) | <0.001 |
| Drowsiness | 58 (37.4%) | 7 (14.9%) | 13 (21.7%) | 38 (79.2%) | <0.001 |
| Shortness of breath | 36 (23.1%) | 1 (2.1%) | 10 (16.4%) | 25 (52.1%) | <0.001 |
| Vomiting | 113 (72.4%) | 24 (51.1%) | 47 (77.0%) | 42 (87.5%) | <0.001 |
| Convulsion | 2 (1.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 2 (4.2%) | 0.183 |
| Nausea | 25 (16.0%) | 4 (8.5%) | 13 (21.3%) | 8 (16.7%) | 0.197 |
| Diarrhea | 13 (8.3%) | 3 (6.4%) | 6 (9.8%) | 4 (8.3%) | 0.934 |
| Headache | 14 (9.0%) | 4 (8.5%) | 5 (8.2%) | 5 (10.4%) | 0.939 |
| Abdominal pain | 100 (64.5%) | 31 (66.0%) | 38 (63.3%) | 31 (64.6%) | 0.961 |
| Dehydration | |||||
| Mild | 75 (48.4%) | 37 (80.4%) | 33 (54.1%) | 5 (10.4%) | <0.001 |
| Moderate | 43 (27.7%) | 8 (17.4%) | 21 (34.4%) | 14 (29.2%) | |
| Severe | 37 (23.9%) | 1 (2.2%) | 7 (11.5%) | 29 (60.4%) | |