Table 2

- Characteristics of included studies in the systematic review.

Authors	Study design	Participants	Sample size	Average age	Measures	Study outcome
Al Ateeq et al³⁰	Cross-sectional	HCWs	n=502	18-50 years	PHQ-9, GAD-7	- Over 50% of HCWs showed symptoms of depression and anxiety. - Female HCWs exhibited higher scores of depression and anxiety. - HCWs in Riyadh and those with university degrees report higher levels.
Al Zaid et al³¹	Cross-sectional	HCWs	n=456	25-65 years	GAD-7	- 27% of HCWs experienced mild anxiety, 13.2% reported moderate stress, and 7.9% reported severe anxiety. - Older individuals and non-Saudis were less likely to have an anxiety disorder. - Females and individuals with a family history of COVID-19 were significantly more likely to have an anxiety disorder.
Al Hurishi et al³²	Cross-sectional	HCWs	n=200	21-41⁺ years	PHQ-9, GAD-7, ISI-7, IES-22	- HCWs reported symptoms of 73% of depression, 69% of anxiety, 62% of insomnia, and 83% of distress. - The severe level of depression for physicians and nurses was observed. - Females reported severe levels of depression and anxiety.
Meo et al³³	Cross-sectional	HCWs	n=1678	21-61⁺ years	GAD-7, PSQI	- 25.9% among HCWs, experienced moderate to severe anxiety, with females being more likely to report moderate to severe anxiety. - Frontline workers reported the highest level of poor sleep quality. - Physicians and nurses were more likely to experience moderate to severe anxiety.
Mohsin et al²	Cross-sectional	HCWs	n=737	18-50 years	COVID-19 fear and anxiety questionnaire, an open-ended question	10.7% of participants exhibited mild, 73.5% moderate, and 15.7% severe levels of fear and anxiety.
Al Shehri et al³⁴	Cross-sectional	HCWs	n=404	30-40⁺ years	PCL-5	- PTSD score revealed that 60 out of 404 participants experienced symptoms. - PTSD frequency increased with age. - Pharmacists and hospitalized individuals showed a higher frequency of PTSD.
Al Malki et al¹	Cross-sectional	HCWs	n=501	18-35⁺ years	DASS-21	- Stress levels were higher among pharmacists than physicians but lower among nurses. - Depression was significantly higher among participants with chronic illnesses and those who had tested positive for COVID-19.

HCWs: healthcare workers, PHQ: patient health questionnaire, GAD: generalized anxiety disorder, ISI: insomnia severity index, IES: impact of event scale-revised, PSQI: Pittsburgh sleep quality index, COVID-19: coronavirus disease-19, PCL: post-traumatic stress disorder checklist for diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders-5, DASS-21: depression, anxiety, and stress scale-21, PTSD: post-traumatic stress disorder