Table 2

- Characteristics of all included studies.

Authors	Year	Country	Type of tudy	Sample size		Gender (male/female)
Authors	Year	Country	Type of tudy	Experimental	Control	Experimental	Control
Zhang et al¹⁵	2018	China	RCT	60	60	31/29	9/31
WU et al¹⁶	2022	China	CCS	84	170	46/38	106/64
LI et al¹⁷	2021	China	RCT	101	100	54/47	52/48
He et al¹⁸	2018	China	RCT	145	146	78/67	85/61
YANG et al¹⁹	2022	China	RCT	38	38	20/18	20/18
Jin et al²⁰	2022	China	CCS	123	135	75/48	84/51
LI et al²¹	2023	China	CCS	119	119	64/55	51/68
Luo et al²²	2020	China	CCS	86	129	51/35	71/58
Ban et al¹⁰	2022	China	CCS	168	151	80/88	73/78
Maeda et al²³	2015	Japan	CCS	91	110	52/39	62/44
Hashida et al¹³	2022	Japan	CCS	72	81	38/34	45/36
Zhang et al²	2023	China	CCS	117	117	68/49	69/48
jiang et al²⁴	2020	China	CCS	82	42	53/29	23/19
Lin et al²⁵	2022	China	CCS	123	123	67/56	65/58
Liu et al²⁶	2022	China	CCS	63	68	39/24	44/24
Sheng et al²⁷	2024	China	CCS	40	46	25/15	28/18

Authors	Age, mean ± SD (years)		BMI, mean±SB (kg/m²)
Authors	Experimental	Control	Experimental	Control
Zhang et al¹⁵	53.67±14.22	55.18±13.78	22.35±2.81	21.79±3.11
WU et al¹⁶	58.51±10.99	60.14±11.12	23.25±3.44	23.87±3.08
LI et al¹⁷	46.00±15.59	49.00±16.79	NA	NA
He et al¹⁸	65.2±15.3		NA	NA
YANG et al¹⁹	52.19±6.20	52.16±6.22	NA	NA
Jin et al²⁰	61.81±13.46	61.95±11.62	23.26±4.71	23.40±3.02
LI et al²¹	64.09±13.16	62.97±13.62	22.58±2.76	22.83±2.96
Luo et al²²	62.8±1.00	60.70±1.00	22.10±0.3	21.90±1.30
Ban et al¹⁰	61.8±8.7	63.7±9.7	23.3±3.6	22.8±3.8
Maeda et al²³	NA	NA	NA	NA
Hashida et al¹³	68.1	68.6	22.9	23
Zhang et al²	66	66	23.8	23.9
jiang et al²⁴	61.35±12.4	61.6±11.4	23.37±2.82	22.35±2.95
Lin et al²⁵	65.00	60.00	22.32	21.51
Liu et al²⁶	39-89	37-86	NA	NA
Sheng et al²⁷	55.03±7.82	53.91±7.54	23.21±1.29	23.54±1.38