- Baseline characteristics of study participants.
| Characteristics | Bahrain (n=366) | Kuwait (n=350) | Qatar (n=346) | Overall sample of participants (N=1062) | P-value# |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 59.6 (11.4) | 57.0 (11.6) | 57.0 (10.8) | 57.9 (11.3) | 0.002 |
| Gender | |||||
| Male, % | 59.0% | 49.1% | 52.0% | 53.5% | 0.024 |
| Age, years | 60.7 (11.5) | 54.8 (12.4) | 54.6 (11.0) | 56.7 (11.6) | <0.001 |
| Female, % | 40.9% | 50.9% | 48.0% | 46.5% | 0.024 |
| Age, years | 58.1 (11.0) | 59.0 (10.3) | 59.6 (10.1) | 58.9 (10.4) | 0.442 |
| T2D duration, years | 13.4 (8.5) | 13.2 (9.8) | 13.3 (8.5) | 13.3 (8.9) | 0.956 |
| HbA1C, mmol/mol | 64 (2.0) | 61 (2.0) | 64 (1.8) | 63 (1.9) | <0.001 |
| Risk factors (%)* | |||||
| Obesity | 56.0% | 45.0% | 51.0% | 50.7% | 0.014 |
| Hypertension | 69.7% | 60.9% | 70.5% | 67.1% | 0.011 |
| Dyslipidemia | 85.0% | 89.4% | 70.2% | 81.6% | <0.001 |
| Current smoking | 11.1% | 12.6% | 14.9% | 12.2% | 0.306 |
| Prevalence of eASCVD (%)† | 36.6% (31.7 – 41.8) | 19.4% (15.4 – 24.0) | 23.4% (19.0 – 28.2) | 22.2% (19.8 – 24.8) | <0.001 |
Values are shown as mean (standard deviation), percentage, or confidence intervals.
BMI: body mass index; BP: blood pressure; eASCVD: established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease; HbA1C: glycated hemoglobin; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; T2D: type 2 diabetes
↵# One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) or Chi-squared test,
↵* Regarding risk factors included obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2; BMI was measured in kg/m2, and the categories were assigned according to the World Health Organization classification of obesity),19 hypertension (at least one of the following: BP over 140 or 90, antihypertensive therapy, history of hypertension), dyslipidemia (at least one of the following: LDL ≥1.8 mmol/L, statin therapy, history of dyslipidemia), and current smoking.
↵† Prevalence of eASCVD in Bahrain, Kuwait, and Qatar (unweighted, %) and within the overall T2D study population (weighted, %).