- Sociodemographic characteristics in relation to depressive symptoms.
| Category parameter | With depression symptoms | Asymptomatic | Bivariate | Multivariate | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| P-value | OR | 95% CI | P-value | OR | 95% CI | |||||||
| n | (%) | n | (%) | Lower | Upper | Lower | Upper | |||||
| Age (years) Mean ±SD | 14.71±1.47 | 14.73±1.59 | <0.001* | 1.152 | 1.067 | 1.243 | 0.457 | 1.035 | 0.945 | 1.135 | ||
| Gender | ||||||||||||
| Male | 52 | (13.5) | 323 | (33.4) | Ref. | |||||||
| Female | 334 | (86.5) | 644 | (66.6) | <0.001* | 3.222 | 2.336 | 4.442 | <0.001* | 3.962 | 2.684 | 5.849 |
| Nutritional status | ||||||||||||
| Severe malnutrition | 9 | (2.3) | 9 | (0.9) | 0.032* | 2.810 | 1.096 | 7.205 | 0.084 | 2.778 | 0.872 | 8.855 |
| Undernourished | 83 | (21.5) | 214 | (22.1) | 0.588 | 1.090 | 0.798 | 1.489 | ||||
| Good nutrition | 158 | (40.9) | 444 | (45.9) | Ref. | |||||||
| Over nutrition | 61 | (15.8) | 125 | (12.9) | 0.082 | 1.371 | 0.961 | 1.958 | ||||
| Obesity | 75 | (19.4) | 175 | (18.1) | 0.263 | 1.204 | 0.869 | 1.668 | ||||
| Father’s education | ||||||||||||
| No Education | 9 | (2.3) | 13 | (1.3) | 0.208 | 1.770 | 0.728 | 4.306 | ||||
| Elementary and Junior high school | 170 | (44.0) | 384 | (39.7) | 0.443 | 1.132 | 0.825 | 1.554 | ||||
| Senior high school | 128 | (33.2) | 368 | (38.1) | 0.485 | 0.889 | 0.640 | 1.236 | ||||
| Diploma and Bachelor | 79 | (20.5) | 202 | (20.9) | Ref. | |||||||
| Mother’s education | ||||||||||||
| No Education | 8 | (2.1) | 7 | (0.7) | 0.023* | 3.356 | 1.179 | 9.553 | 0.428 | 1.648 | 0.479 | 5.667 |
| Elementary and Junior high school | 176 | (45.6) | 398 | (41.2) | 0.099 | 1.299 | 0.952 | 1.772 | ||||
| Senior high school | 123 | (31.9) | 330 | (34.1) | 0.590 | 1.095 | 0.788 | 1.521 | ||||
| Diploma and Bachelor | 79 | (20.5) | 232 | (24.0) | Ref. | |||||||
| Father’s occupation | ||||||||||||
| Doctor, nurse | 4 | (1.0) | 18 | (1.9) | Ref. | |||||||
| Jobless | 21 | (5.4) | 36 | (3.7) | 0.118 | 2.625 | 0.783 | 8.800 | ||||
| Labor, farmer, employer | 228 | (59.1) | 532 | (55.0) | 0.240 | 1.929 | 0.646 | 5.762 | ||||
| Civil servants, soldiers, police | 28 | (7.3) | 83 | (8.6) | 0.483 | 1.518 | 0.474 | 4.867 | ||||
| Others | 105 | (27.2) | 298 | (30.8) | 0.414 | 1.586 | 0.525 | 4.792 | ||||
| Mother’s occupation | ||||||||||||
| Doctor, nurse | 5 | (1.3) | 44 | (4.6) | Ref. | |||||||
| Housewife | 237 | (61.4) | 564 | (58.3) | 0.006* | 3.698 | 1.448 | 9.441 | 0.009* | 4.155 | 1.424 | 12.126 |
| Labor, farmer, employer | 70 | (18.1) | 152 | (15.7) | 0.005* | 4.053 | 1.540 | 10.662 | 0.021* | 3.665 | 1.216 | 11.051 |
| Civil servants, soldiers, police | 20 | (5.2) | 57 | (5.9) | 0.036* | 3.088 | 1.074 | 8.876 | 0.088 | 2.724 | 0.861 | 8.620 |
| Others | 54 | (14.0) | 150 | (15.5) | 0.021* | 3.168 | 1.194 | 8.406 | 0.090 | 2.563 | 0.863 | 7.607 |
| Family experienced layoffs during the pandemic | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 44 | (11.4) | 77 | (8.0) | 0.047* | 1.487 | 1.006 | 2.198 | 0.214 | 1.348 | 0.841 | 2.159 |
| No | 342 | (88.6) | 890 | (92.0) | Ref. | |||||||
| Marital status of parents | ||||||||||||
| Married | 297 | (76.9) | 850 | (87.9) | Ref. | |||||||
| Divorced | 52 | (13.5) | 65 | (6.7) | <0.001* | 2.290 | 1.554 | 3.374 | 0.492 | 1.245 | 0.667 | 2.327 |
| Others | 37 | (9.6) | 52 | (5.4) | 0.002* | 2.036 | 1.309 | 3.167 | 0.523 | 1.238 | 0.643 | 2.382 |
| Guardians in current residence | ||||||||||||
| Biological father-biological mother | 261 | (67.6) | 780 | (80.7) | Ref. | |||||||
| Biological father-step mother | 6 | (1.6) | 4 | (0.4) | 0.021* | 4.483 | 1.255 | 16.009 | 0.266 | 2.493 | 0.499 | 12.442 |
| Step father-biological mother | 21 | (5.4) | 34 | (3.5) | 0.032* | 1.846 | 1.053 | 3.237 | 0.781 | 1.112 | 0.526 | 2.351 |
| Biological father only | 10 | (2.6) | 6 | (0.6) | 0.002* | 4.981 | 1.793 | 13.837 | 0.012* | 5.386 | 1.458 | 19.894 |
| Biological mother only | 43 | (11.1) | 72 | (7.4) | 0.005* | 1.785 | 1.193 | 2.670 | 0.083 | 1.760 | 0.928 | 3.337 |
| Others | 45 | (11.7) | 71 | (7.3) | 0.002* | 1.894 | 1.271 | 2.823 | 0.030* | 1.826 | 1.059 | 3.146 |
| Number of families living in 1 house | ||||||||||||
| <5 people | 227 | (58.8) | 536 | (55.4) | 0.258 | 1.148 | 0.904 | 1.458 | ||||
| Siblings living in the same house | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 275 | (71.2) | 745 | (77.0) | Ref. | |||||||
| No | 111 | (28.8) | 222 | (23.0) | 0.026* | 1.355 | 1.038 | 1.768 | 0.021* | 1.459 | 1.057 | 2.013 |
| ≥5 people | 159 | (41.2) | 431 | (44.6) | Ref. | |||||||
| Step-siblings living in the same house | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 21 | (5.4) | 29 | (3.0) | 0.034* | 1.861 | 1.048 | 3.305 | 0.755 | 1.130 | 0.525 | 2.433 |
| No | 365 | (94.6) | 938 | (97.0) | Ref. | |||||||
| Duration of using devices/watching TV | ||||||||||||
| Never use device/watch TV | 94 | (24.4) | 313 | (32.4) | Ref. | |||||||
| <2 hours/day | 31 | (8.0) | 56 | (5.8) | 0.016* | 1.843 | 1.123 | 3.026 | 0.335 | 1.330 | 0.745 | 2.374 |
| ≥ 2 hours/day | 261 | (67.6) | 598 | (61.8) | 0.007* | 1.453 | 1.107 | 1.909 | 0.441 | 1.135 | 0.823 | 1.565 |
| Frequency and duration of exercise | ||||||||||||
| Never exercise | 170 | (44.0) | 231 | (23.9) | 0.001* | 2.076 | 1.370 | 3.145 | 0.053 | 1.625 | 0.995 | 2.653 |
| Once/week, with less than 30 minutes each time | 79 | (20.5) | 340 | (35.2) | 0.060 | 0.655 | 0.422 | 1.017 | ||||
| > Once/week, with less than 30 minutes each | 72 | (18.7) | 205 | (21.2) | 0.967 | 0.991 | 0.630 | 1.559 | ||||
| > Once/week, with 30 minutes each | 26 | (6.7) | 81 | (8.4) | 0.734 | 0.905 | 0.510 | 1.606 | ||||
| > Once/week, with more than 30 minutes each | 39 | (10.1) | 110 | (11.4) | Ref. | |||||||
| Smoking habit | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 29 | (7.5) | 22 | (2.3) | <0.001* | 3.489 | 1.979 | 6.154 | <0.001* | 4.272 | 2.110 | 8.649 |
| No | 357 | (92.5) | 945 | (97.7) | Ref. | |||||||
| Family member who died during the pandemic | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 32 | (8.3) | 55 | (5.7) | 0.080 | 1.499 | 0.953 | 2.357 | ||||
| No | 354 | (91.7) | 912 | (94.3) | Ref. | |||||||
| Having disease that require regular medication/control | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 38 | (9.8) | 35 | (3.6) | <0.001* | 2.908 | 1.808 | 4.678 | 0.011* | 2.057 | 1.177 | 3.595 |
| No | 348 | (90.2) | 932 | (96.4) | Ref. | |||||||
| Family with diseases that require regular medication/control | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 76 | (19.7) | 134 | (13.9) | 0.008* | 1.524 | 1.118 | 2.078 | 0.226 | 1.253 | 0.870 | 1.806 |
| No | 310 | (80.3) | 833 | (86.1) | Ref. | |||||||
Analysis using logistic regression tests
CI: confidence interval, SD: standard deviation, OR: odds ratio, Ref: reference
↵* Significant at p<0.05.