- Baseline characteristics of the included studies.
| Authors | Years | Registration | Country of patients | Study design | Study duration | Total (N) | Intervention | Control | Age of cases, years (mean) | Age of controls, years (mean) | Gender of cases (F/M%) | Gender of control (F/M%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bordini et al14 | 2020 | NCT02235467 | Brazil | A multicentre, single-blinded, randomised clinical pilot trial | - | 67 | 34 the intervention group received parent training over 22 sessions of video modeling | 33 the control group received the standard community treatment | 4.76±1.23 | 4.8±1.41 | 29.4/70.6 | 9.4/90.6 |
| Carlisle et al15 | 2020 | NCT03625297 | USA | RCT | 18 weeks | 11 | 10 the treatment group adopted a cat | 7 the control group did not adopt a cat | Parents 37.20 Children 9 | Parents 38.86 Children 8.57 | 100/0.0 | 100/0.0 |
| Chien et al16 | 2021 | 201612185RINC | Taiwan | randomized | 3-6 months | 82 | 41 PEERS manual | 41 without PEERS manual | 25.3±4.5 | 27.6±6.0 | 14.6/85.4 | 17.1/82.9 |
| Clifford et al17 | 2022 | NCT05221515 | Netherland | RCT | NA | 51 | 26 parental psychoeducation sessions and anger control treatment | 24 parental psychoeducation sessions only | 10.2±1.58 | 10.2±1.56 | 23.1/76.9 | 25.0/75.0 |
| Corbett et al18 | 2019 | NA | USA | RCT | 10 weeks | 87 | 44 SENSE theatre | 33 NEPSY theory of mind (verbal) subtest | 11.12±2.54 | 10.58±2.32 | 25.0/75.0 | 21.2/78.8 |
| Grahame et al19 | 2015 | NA | England | Pilot randomized trail | 24 weeks | 45 | 23 immediate intervention | 20 delayed intervention | 5.04±1.12 | 5.23±1.41 | 4.0/96.0 | 25.0/75.0 |
| Ko et al20 | 2018 | NA | USA | RCT | 20 weeks | 40 | 16 START treatment | 19 waitlist group | 13.25±1.48 | 13.74±1.52 | 31.0/69.0 | 32.0/68.0 |
| LaGass21 | 2014 | NA | USA | RCT | 5 weeks | 17 | 9 music therapy group | 8 no-music social skills group | 7.58±1.06 for both group | NA | 22.2/77.8 | 33.3/66.7 |
| Levin et al22 | 2014 | NA | Romania | RCT | 217 | 60 foster care ever institutionalized group | 57 usual care ever institutionalized group 100 never institutionalized group | 22.6 months | Approximately 10 | NA | NA | |
| Thompson et al23 | 2013 | ACTRN 12611000391976 | Australia | RCT | 3 months | 23 | 12 in-home FCMT in addition to their early intervention programme | 11 early intervention programme only | 43.92±6.46 months | 47.00±7.18 months | NA | NA |
| Fletcher-Watson et al24 | 2016 | NCT01493609 | UK | RCT | 2 months | 54 | 27 intervention group received 2 months of app access at the same time as all usual treatments | 27 they receive treatment as usual | 49.30±10.9 months | 49.96±13.2 months | 22.0/78.0 | 19.0/81.0 |
| Wood et al25 | 2014 | NA | USA | Preliminary RCT | 16 weeks | 13 | 7 cognitive behavioral therapy | 6 treatment-as-usual | 8.7±1.8) | 8.8±1.47 | 29.0/71.0 | 17.0/83.0 |
| Wood et al26 | 2021 | NCT02010086 & NCT01784263 | USA | RCT | 32 weeks | 103 | 52 cognitive behavioral therapy | 51 enhanced standard community treatment | 116.5±24.8 months | 113.0±20.2 months | 15.4/84.6 | 11.8/88.2 |
| Yoder et al27 | 2022 | 140924 | USA | RCT | 12 weeks | 97 | 49 improving parents as communication teachers | 48 business-as-usual control group | 14±2 months | 14±2 months | 45.0/55.0 | 42.0/52.0 |
| Young et al28 | 2016 | NA | USA | RCT | NA | 302 | 178 comprehensive autism program | 124 business as usual programs | 51.71±9.16 months | 53.96±8.46 months | 18.5/81.5 | 21.8/78.2 |
| Zheng et al29 | 2020 | NA | USA | Randomized trail | 3-9 weeks | 23 | 11 immediate robotic intervention | 9 waitlist control | average age: 2.54, range 1.64-3.14 | NA | NA | NA |
| Zhou et al30 | 2019 | NCT00698997 | USA | RCT | 3 months | 37 | 13 | 24 | 12-26 months | 12-26 months | 46.2/53.8 | 41.7/58.3 |
RCT: randomized controlled trial, NA: not available, PEERS: program for the education and enrichment of relational skills, SENSE: social emotional neuroscience endocrinology, FCMT: family-centred music therapy