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Bone mineral density of the spine and femur in healthy Saudis

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Abstract

The reference values of bone mineral density (BMD) were determined in healthy Saudis of both sexes and compared with US / northern European and other reference data. BMD was determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) at the lumbar spine and femur including subregions: trochanter, Ward’s triangle, and neck, in 1,980 randomly selected Saudis (age range 20–79 years; 915 males and 1,065 females) living in the Jeddah area. Age-related changes in BMD were similar to those described in US / northern European and Lebanese reference data. Decreases in BMD of males were evident (% per year): 0.3–0.8 (lumbar spine), 0.2–0.4 (femoral trochanter), 0.2–1.4 (Ward’s triangle), and 0.2–0.7 (femoral neck). Also, decreases in BMD of females were observed (% per year): 0.8–0.9 (lumbar spine), 0.7–0.9 (Ward’s triangle), and 0.3–0.7 (femoral neck). Using stepwise multiple regressions that included both body weight and height, the former had 2–4 times greater effect on BMD than the latter. Using the mean BMD of the <35-year-old group the T-score values were calculated for Saudis. The prevalence of osteoporosis in Saudis (50–79 years) at the lumbar spine using the manufacturer’s vs Saudi reference data was 38.3–47.7% vs 30.5–49.6 (P<0.000), respectively. Similarly, based on BMD of total femur, the prevalence of osteoporosis using the manufacturer’s vs Saudi reference data was 6.3–7.8% vs 1.2–4.7% (P<0.000), respectively. Saudis (≥50 years) in the lowest quartile of body weight exhibited higher prevalence of osteoporosis (25.6% in females and 15.5% in males) as compared to that of the highest quartiles (0.0% in females and 0.8% in males). The present study underscores the importance of using population-specific reference values for BMD measurements to avoid overdiagnosis and/or underdiagnosis of osteoporosis.

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Acknowledgements

We are grateful to King Abdulaziz University for financial support to Professor M.S.M Ardawi (Grants no. 652/420 and MB/137/1424 Saudi Osteoporosis Research Group) at the Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, and the Clinical Endocrine and Metabolic Research Laboratory at King Fahd Medical Research Centre (KFMRC), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. We thank all the subjects who participated in this project, and we thank all the staff and colleagues at King Abdulaziz University Hospital, New Jeddah Clinic Hospital (NJCH), and the Primary Care Health Centers for their invaluable assistance during the execution of this project. Special thanks are due to Ms Vicky Medina for her excellent secretarial help. Special thanks also to Dr Hamed Mutabagani for allowing us to use the facilities of NJCH.

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  1. Saudi Osteoporosis Research Group, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

    M. Salleh M. Ardawi, Abdulraouf A. Maimany, Talal M. Bahksh, Hasan A. N. Nasrat, Waleed A. Milaat & Raja M. Al-Raddadi

  2. Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

    M. Salleh M. Ardawi

  3. Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

    Abdulraouf A. Maimany

  4. Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

    Talal M. Bahksh

  5. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

    Hasan A. N. Nasrat

  6. Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

    Waleed A. Milaat

  7. Primary Health Care Directorate, Ministry of Health, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

    Raja M. Al-Raddadi

  8. Department of Laboratory Medicine, New Jeddah Clinic Hospital, PO Box 20724, 21465, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

    M. Salleh M. Ardawi

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Ardawi, M.S.M., Maimany, A.A., Bahksh, T.M. et al. Bone mineral density of the spine and femur in healthy Saudis. Osteoporos Int 16, 43–55 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-004-1639-9

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