Elsevier

Resuscitation

Volume 58, Issue 1, July 2003, Pages 31-35
Resuscitation

Success changes the problem: Why ventricular fibrillation is declining, why pulseless electrical activity is emerging, and what to do about it

https://doi.org/10.1016/S0300-9572(03)00104-7Get rights and content

Abstract

Background: Programs for research and practice in resuscitation have focused on identification and reversal of ventricular fibrillation (VF). While substantial progress has been achieved, evidence is accumulating that clinical death is less likely to be caused by fibrillation now than in the 1960s and 1970s. Pulseless electrical activity (PEA) has emerged as the most common rhythm found in arrests in the hospital and is rapidly rising in pre-hospital reports. Purpose: To identify the magnitude of changes occurring, search for potential explanations from population and clinical epidemiology and present the data available regarding etiology and treatment of PEA. Data Sources: Synthesis of material from population epidemiology, clinical epidemiology, animal and human research on VF and PEA. Conclusions: VF is a manifestation of severe, undiagnosed coronary artery disease (CAD). Rates of death from CAD increased from rare in 1930 to become the most common cause of death in the US. CAD death rates peaked in the early 1960s and had declined over 50% by the late 1990s. Primary and secondary prevention, early diagnosis and aggressive, successful treatment have contributed to this decline. PEA is a brief phase in clinical death that occurs after losses in consciousness, ventilatory drive and circulation but before decay to asystole; survival rates are poor. PEA is a common stage in clinical death from any of a variety of tissue hypoxic/anoxic insults. Research on PEA is needed; 50 years of attention to CAD and VF have resulted in improved survival and changed the disease spectrum. Similar attention to animal and clinical research on PEA may have the potential to improve survival.

Sumàrio

Antecedentes: Os programas para investigação e prática em reanimação concentraram-se na identificação e prevenção da fibrilhação ventricular (VF). À medida que foram alcançados progressos substanciais, acumula-se evidência de que actualmente é menos provável a morte clı́nica por fibrilhação do que nos anos 60 e 70. A actividade eléctrica sem pulso (PEA) emergiu como ritmo mais frequentemente nas paragens hospitalares e está a aumentar rapidamente nos estudos pré-hospitalares. Objectivo: Identificar a magnitude das alterações em curso, procurar explicações potenciais da epidemiologia clı́nica e populacional e apresentar dados relativos relação à etiologia e tratamento da PEA. Origem dos Dados: dos dados da epidemiologia populacional, epidemiologia clı́nica, investigação humana e animal em VF e PEA. Conclusões: A VF é uma manifestação da doença arterial coronária (CAD) grave, não diagnosticada. As taxas de morte por CAD aumentaram desde raras em 1930 até se tornarem a causa mais frequente de morte nos Estados Unidos. As taxas de mortalidade por CAD atingiram um pico no inı́cio dos anos 60 e declinaram mais de 50% até ao final dos anos 90. A prevenção primária e secundária, o diagnóstico precoce e o tratamento agressivo eficaz contribuı́ram para este declı́nio. A PEA é uma curta fase na morte clı́nica que ocorre após a perda de consciência, do “drive” respiratório e da circulação, mas antes da regressão para assistolia; as taxas de sobrevivência são más. A PEA é uma fase comum na morte clı́nica resultante de várias agressões hipóxico-anóxicas dos tecidos. É necessária investigação na PEA; 50 anos de atenção à CAD e à VF resultaram numa melhoria da sobrevida e mudaram o espectro da doença. Um atenção idêntica à investigação clı́nica e animal na PEA pode ter o mesmo potencial de melhorar a sobrevida.

Resumen

Antecedentes: Los programas de investigación y practica en resucitación han sido enfocados en la identificación y tratamiento de la fibrilación ventricular(VF). Al tiempo de haberse alcanzado un progreso sustancial, se acumula la evidencia que muestra que la muerte es menos probablemente causada por VF hoy que en los años 60s y 70s. La actividad eléctrica sin pulso (PEA) ha emergido como el ritmo mas frecuentemente encontrado en paros en el hospital y está aumentando rápidamente en reportes de prehospitalario. Propósito: Identificar la magnitud de los cambios que están ocurriendo, buscar explicaciones potenciales de la epidemiologı́a clı́nica y de población y presentar los datos de disponibles acerca de etiologı́a y tratamiento de el PEA. Fuentes de datos: sı́ntesis de material de epidemiologı́a de población, epidemiologı́a clı́nica, investigación en humanos y animales acerca de VF y PEA. Conclusiones: La VF es una manifestación de enfermedad coronaria (CAD) severa no diagnosticada. Las tasas de mortalidad por CAD es aumentaron desde ser rara en 1930 hasta hacerse la causa de muerte mas común en los Estados Unidos. Las tasas llegaron a un máximo en los primeros 1960s y ha disminuido sobre el 50% a fines de los 1990s. La prevención primaria y secundaria, el diagnóstico rápido y agresivo, y el tratamiento exitoso han contribuido a esta declinación. La PEA es una fase breve en la muerte clı́nica que ocurre después de la perdida de conciencia, ventilación y de la circulación pero antes de decaer hasta ası́stole; las tasas de sobrevida son muy pobres. La PEA es una etapa común en la muerte clı́nica de cualquiera de una variedad de insultos hipóxicos /anóxicos de los tejidos. Se necesita investigación sobre PEA; 50 años de atención al CAD y VF han resultado en mejorı́a de la sobrevida y cambiaron el espectro de la enfermedad. Una cantidad de atención similar a la investigación acerca de PEA en animales y humanos puede tener el potencial de mejorar la sobrevida.

Section snippets

Acknowledgements

Catarina I. Kiefe, PhD, MD and David McCann, MD provided review of the manuscript; Marie Teal prepared the manuscript.

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    1

    Present Address: 161 Science East, Saginaw Valley State University, University Center, MI 48710, USA.

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