ReviewThe organizational and clinical impact of integrating bedside equipment to an information system: A systematic literature review of patient data management systems (PDMS)
Introduction
The proliferation of medical information in hospitals has resulted in a growing demand for information technology (IT) to effectively support the management of data. While IT has the potential to transform the delivery of healthcare, the introduction of such a system is a challenging task that has profound implications on the organization. A Clinical Information System (CIS) is an IT system that has been established in many hospitals today. It is a broad term used to describe a computer-based system capable of collecting, storing and/or manipulating clinical information important to the healthcare delivery process. Examples of currently available CIS's include the Electronic Health Record (EHR), Hospital Information System (HIS), Computer Physician Order Entry (CPOE) and Patient Data Management System (PDMS). The impact of an EHR [1], [2], [3] and CPOE [4], [5], [6], [7], [8] has been widely investigated in literature; however, PDMS's have received considerably less attention. Given that the purchase of a PDMS requires significant investment, not only financially but also from a resource perspective, an overview of the potential impact of introducing a PDMS can be beneficial for decision-makers.
Our definition of a PDMS is an information system that automatically retrieves data from bedside equipment (e.g. a patient monitor, ventilator, intravenous pump, etc.). The data are subsequently presented in a structured format that enables improved interpretation and manipulation of the data [9], [10]. There has been tremendous development in the PDMS since it was first introduced in the late 1980's. The first generation PDMS was a standalone system that only provided automatic data collection and integration from limited bedside equipment. Over the years, the PDMS has grown in sophistication and expanded its functionality to beyond what it was originally conceived to offer and can now support not only automatic data collection and integration of various bedside equipment, but also data manipulation, statistical analysis and clinical decision support.
There have been previous systematic literature reviews investigating a CIS [11], [12], [13], in which the CIS is an information system that includes one or more of the aforementioned subgroups described; however, no systematic literature review has focused solely on the impact of a PDMS. Furthermore, the systematic literature reviews on a CIS concentrate primarily on the organizational impact (e.g. charting, documenting, patient care, etc.) and not on the clinical outcomes. The purpose of this systematic literature review is to gather evidence on the impact of integrating bedside equipment to an information system on both the organizational and clinical outcomes.
Section snippets
Methods
The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) [14] was followed for this review.
Overall results
The search of the databases returned 537 hits and after removing duplicates, 531 articles remained. An additional search conducted using Google and Google Scholar led to the retrieval of four further hits, resulting in 535 potentially relevant articles. After assessing the title and abstracts, 54 articles remained for the full text review. Following analysis of the full text articles, 23 articles were considered relevant for the systematic literature review. The flow diagram is depicted in Fig.
Discussion
At present, there is no consensus on the use of terminology for an information system capable of integrating to bedside equipment. The term CIS is probably the most suitable term given that hospitals are converging to a single information system fully integrated across departments, which comprises both the essential components of an EHR and the integration to bedside equipment. The ICU is the most common setting for the integration of bedside equipment to an information system, mainly driven by
Conclusion
The authors believe that this is the first systematic literature review to investigate the impact of a PDMS on the organizational and clinical outcomes. A PDMS was found to reduce the time required for charting, increase the time for direct patient care and lead to fewer errors. The optimization of the workflow to integrate the PDMS is crucial to ensure that the added value of a PDMS can be fully exploited. Finally, a PDMS that is integrated to a CDSS has the potiential to improve clinical
Author Contributions
Study conception and design: Cheung, Van Velden
Acquisition of data: Cheung, Van Velden
Analysis and interpretation of data: Cheung, Van Velden
Drafting of manuscript: Cheung
Critical revision: Cheung,Van Velden, Lagerburg, Minderman
Competing interests
None.
Funding
None.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Jolanda Jansen from the institutional library for her assistance in formulating the search queries.
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