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Clinical InvestigationsSLEEP AND BREATHINGRisk Factors and Natural History of Habitual Snoring
Section snippets
Subjects
The recruitment strategy and basic characteristics of the study sample are described elsewhere.510 In short, 27 of 59 regular primary schools located within the city limits of Hannover, Germany were selected, using a stratified random selection procedure. Following approval by the institutional review board and the regional directorate of education, all children attending the third grade (n = 1,760) were identified. Pupils were contacted in their classrooms by two investigators, and study goals
Study Sample
Detailed information on basic characteristics of the study sample has been given elsewhere.510 In short, there were 559 girls (48.9%); mean age and body mass index (BMI) were 9.6 years (SD, 0.7) and 17.5 (SD, 2.9), respectively. Most children (n = 681; 59.5%) were 9 years old, but 213 children (18.6%) and 250 children (21.9%) were < 9 years or > 9 years old, respectively. The 75th and 90th percentiles of the BMI were 19.0 and 21.4 for the study sample, 19.5 and 21.8 for boys, and 18.5 and 20.8
Discussion
In adults, population-based cohort studies revealed age, obesity, smoking, asthma, and nasal congestion as independent risk factors for self-reported HS.16 In addition, a marked gender difference in the expression of HS and OSA was found.171819 Some studies3202122 have specifically addressed risk factors for HS in children, but none focused on gender differences. Corbo et al2021 investigated snoring in two studies with a combined sample size of 3,824 school children. These authors postulated
Conclusion
Our findings on obesity, SES, household smoking, nasal obstruction, pharyngeal problems, and frequent infections as risk factors for HS concur with others and underscore the relevance of these factors for snoring in children. Some factors cannot be modified (eg, SES), but most factors can easily be recognized and may be modified by intervention. As an example, nasal obstruction may be controlled pharmacologically (eg, nasal steroids for congestions or adenoidal hypertrophy),1639 surgically (eg,
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors thank Dr. Ehrhardt (Department of Public Health, City Council, Hannover, Germany), Mrs. Martinsen (Supervisory School Authority, Hannover, Germany), Mr. Hegemann (District Government, Hannover, Germany), and the headmasters and teachers of the participating schools for their support and cooperation. Our thanks also go to the Hans Meineke Foundation (Hannover, Germany) for supporting this study, and to E. Eggebrecht and J. Wolff for their help with obtaining the questionnaires. In
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2022, IRBMCitation Excerpt :Partners feel the need to change their beds or rooms because of snoring. Male patients who snore have a high risk of developing OSAS in the coming 10 years [5–7]. Therefore, it continues to be a cause of morbidity and mortality for patients who cannot be diagnosed and treated effectively.
Treatment of Medical (Sleep Breathing Disorders, Restless Legs Syndrome, Periodic Limb Movement Disorder, and Narcolepsy) Sleep Problems in ADHD
2019, Sleep and ADHD: An Evidence-Based Guide to Assessment and TreatmentDisorders of Breathing During Sleep
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Pilar M. Urschitz-Duprat was supported by a research grant from the Hans Meineke Foundation, Hannover, Germany.
This work was performed at the Department of Pediatric Pulmonology and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School.
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Currently at the Department of Epidemiology and Health Reporting, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany.