With the accumulation of orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) recipients, an increased number of patients with graft failure need retransplantation (re-OLT). This study was undertaken to examine our clinical experience of re-OLT for patients with poor graft function after primary transplantation at a single center. We analyzed retrospectively, the clinical data of 32 re-OLTs in 31 patients at our center from January 2004 to February 2007, including indications and causes of death, timing of retransplantation, and surgical techniques. The indications included bile leak (2 cases), biliary stricture (16 cases), recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) (5 cases), hepatic artery stenosis (4 cases), hepatic artery thrombosis (HAT) (2 cases), and hepatitis B recurrence (3 cases). The rate of re-OLT was 4.29%. All patients underwent modified piggyback liver transplantations with cadaveric allografts. No intraoperative mortality and acute rejection occurred. Overall, 17 of 31 patients (54.8%) died after re-OLT with survival times ranging from 2 weeks to 28 months. Another 14 patients were cured with survival times of 4 to 32 months. The perioperative mortality rate of patients who underwent re-OLT between 8 and 30 days after their initial transplantation was highest (66.7%). The most common cause of death after re-OLT was sepsis (47.1%), multiple-organ failure (17.6%), and recurrence of HCC (17.6%), whereas the majority of deaths posttransplantation were sepsis-related (54%) within 1 year. Re-OLT is the only therapeutic option for a failing liver graft. Proper indications and optimal operative time, advanced surgical procedures, reasonable individual immunosuppression regimens, and effective perioperative anti-infection treatments contribute to the improved survival of patients after re-OLT.