For more than 1,000 years, Moslems all over the world have used chewing sticks (Miswak) as an oral hygiene aid. In spite of the introduction of modern oral hygiene devices, many Moslems still prefer to use the natural Miswak. Despite its common use, there is a paucity of data bout its effects on the periodontal structures. This is the first of a three-part series examining the relationship between Miswak and periodontal health. Part I presents a review of the current literature and a demographic profile of the study population. Patients presenting for routine dental appointments were subjected to a comprehensive interview regarding their demographic data, oral hygiene habits, and use of Miswak. Clinical examination included scoring of plaque and periodontal health.