The emergence of a novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV-2),
from Wuhan, China, in December 2019 has challenged many countries. The …

Zika virus (ZIKV) is an emerging arbovirus of the Flaviviridae family and is related to dengue,
Chikungunya, West Nile, yellow fever, and Japanese encephalitis viruses. ZIKV was first …

Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection, remains a major
global health emergency. It is estimated that one third of global population are affected, …

On 31 December 2019 the Wuhan Health Commission reported a cluster of atypical
pneumonia cases that was linked to a wet market in the city of Wuhan, China. The first patients …

Interferon (IFN) exhibits a potent antiviral activity in vitro and plays a major role in the early
defense against viruses. Like IFN, the proinflammatory chemokine, interleukin (IL)-8, is …

Although polyomavirus JC (JCV) is the proven pathogen of progressive multifocal
leukoencephalopathy, the fatal demyelinating disease, this virus is ubiquitous as a usually harmless …

Viral mutations acquired during the course of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection are
known to be associated with the progression and severity of HBV-related liver disease. This …

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a leading cause of liver diseases including cirrhosis and
hepatocellular carcinoma. Human leukocyte antigens (HLAs) play an important role in the …

Although viruses that belong to the coronavirus family are known since the 1930s, they only
gained public health attention when they were discovered to be the causative agent of the …

Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus (MERS-CoV) is transmitted via the respiratory
tract and causes severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome by infecting lung epithelial …