The question of what constitutes an acceptable risk is a matter of judgement. Such decisions
are multifaceted and complex, and involve a balance of risk and benefit. High risks may be …

The pregnane X receptor (PXR) is the molecular target for catatoxic steroids such as pregnenolone
16α-carbonitrile (PCN), which induce cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) expression and …

▪ Abstract Metallothioneins (MT) are low-molecular-weight, cysteine-rich, metal-binding
proteins. MT genes are readily induced by various physiologic and toxicologic stimuli. Because …

The discovery of the cadmium (Cd)-binding protein from horse kidney in 1957 marked the
birth of research on this low-molecular weight, cysteine-rich protein called metallothionein (MT…

Transporters influence the disposition of chemicals within the body by participating in absorption,
distribution, and elimination. Transporters of the solute carrier family (SLC) comprise a …

People continue to be exposed to heavy metals in the environment. Metals contaminate
water and food in some areas. Metals also leach from eating utensils and cookware. The …

■ Descriptive animal toxicity testing assumes that the e ects produced by a compound in
laboratory animals, when properly quali ed, are applicable to humans, and that exposure o …

The ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters constitute a large family of membrane proteins,
which transport a variety of compounds through the membrane against a concentration …

… The Klaassen laboratory was surprised to find that … from the chemicals tested by Liu and
Klaassen. Therefore, it was … of the natural triterpenoid from Curtis Klaassen and Jie Liu, who …

Sulfation is the transfer of a sulfate group from 3'‐phosphoadenosine 5'‐phosphosulfate (PAPS)
to a substrate that is catalyzed by a family of sulfotransferase enzymes. Many different …