Research ArticleOriginal Article
Open Access

Sentinel lymph node biopsy in breast cancer

Abdulaziz A. Alsaif
Saudi Medical Journal September 2015, 36 (9) 1053-1060; DOI: https://doi.org/10.15537/smj.2015.9.12228

References

  1. ↵
    1. World Health Organization
    (2015) Breast Cancer: prevention and Control (World Health Organization, Geneva (CH)) Available from:www.who.int/cancer/detection/breastcancer/en/.
  2. ↵
    1. Siegel R,
    2. Naishadham D,
    3. Jemal A
    (2012) Cancer statistics, 2012. CA Cancer J Clin 62:10–29.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  3. ↵
    1. Central Department of Statistics and Information
    (2010) Estimates of population by sex and nationality in the Kingdom for the years 2004 to 2014 (Central Department of Statistics and Information, Riyadh (KSA)).
  4. ↵
    1. Saudi Cancer Registry
    Cancer incidence report Saudi Arabia 2010. Available from URL:http://www.chs.gov.sa/Ar/mediacenter/NewsLetter/2010%20Report%20%281%29.pdf. Updated 2014 April; Accessed 2015 April 11.
  5. ↵
    1. Ibrahim EM,
    2. Zeeneldin AA,
    3. Sadiq BB,
    4. Ezzat AA
    (2008) The present and the future of breast cancer burden in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Med Oncol 25:387–393.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  6. ↵
    1. Fisher B,
    2. Bauer M,
    3. Wickerham DL,
    4. Redmond CK,
    5. Fisher ER,
    6. Cruz AB,
    7. et al.
    (1983) Relation of number of positive axillary nodes to the prognosis of patients with primary breast cancer. An NSABP update. Cancer 52:1551–1557.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  7. ↵
    1. Carter CL,
    2. Allen C,
    3. Henson DE
    (1989) Relation of tumor size, lymph node status, and survival in 24,740 breast cancer cases. Cancer 63:181–187.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  8. ↵
    1. Cotlar AM,
    2. Dubose JJ,
    3. Rose DM
    (2003) History of surgery for breast cancer: radical to the sublime. Curr Surg 60:329–337.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  9. ↵
    1. Halsted WS
    (1894) The results of operations for the cure of cancer of the breast performed at the Johns Hopkins Hospital from June, 1889, to January, 1894. Ann Surg 20:497–555.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  10. ↵
    1. Fleissig A,
    2. Fallowfield LJ,
    3. Langridge CI,
    4. Johnson L,
    5. Newcombe RG,
    6. Dixon JM,
    7. et al.
    (2006) Post-operative arm morbidity and quality of life. Results of the ALMANAC randomised trial comparing sentinel node biopsy with standard axillary treatment in the management of patients with early breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 95:279–293.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  11. ↵
    1. Fisher B,
    2. Redmond C,
    3. Fisher ER,
    4. Bauer M,
    5. Wolmark N,
    6. Wickerham DL,
    7. et al.
    (1985) Ten-year results of a randomized clinical trial comparing radical mastectomy and total mastectomy with or without radiation. N Engl J Med 312:674–681.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    1. Haffy BG,
    2. Ward B,
    3. Pathare P,
    4. Salem R,
    5. McKhann C,
    6. Beinfield M,
    7. et al.
    (1997) Reappraisal of the role of axillary lymph node dissection in the conservative treatment of breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 15:691–700.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    1. Sosa JA,
    2. Diener-West M,
    3. Gusev Y,
    4. Choti MA,
    5. Lange JR,
    6. Dooley WC,
    7. et al.
    (1998) Association between extent of axillary lymph node dissection and survival in patients with stage I breast cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 5:140–149.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  14. ↵
    1. Baxter N,
    2. McCready D,
    3. Chapman JA,
    4. Fish E,
    5. Kahn H,
    6. Hanna W,
    7. et al.
    (1996) Clinical behavior of untreated axillary nodes after local treatment for primary breast cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 3:235–240.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  15. ↵
    1. Cady B
    (1997) Is axillary lymph node dissection necessary in routine management of breast cancer?No. The Breast Journal 5:246–260.
    OpenUrl
  16. ↵
    1. Giuliano AE,
    2. Kirgan DM,
    3. Guenther JM,
    4. Morton DL
    (1994) Lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymphadenectomy for breast cancer. Ann Surg 220:391–398, discussion 398-401.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  17. ↵
    1. Krag DN,
    2. Anderson SJ,
    3. Julian TB,
    4. Brown AM,
    5. Harlow SP,
    6. Costantino JP,
    7. et al.
    (2010) Sentinel-lymph-node resection compared with conventional axillary-lymph-node dissection in clinically node-negative patients with breast cancer: overall survival findings from the NSABP B-32 randomised phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol 11:927–933.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    1. Grube BJ,
    2. Giuliano AE
    (2001) Observation of the breast cancer patient with a tumor-positive sentinel node: implications of the ACOSOG Z0011 trial. Semin Surg Oncol 20:230–237.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  19. ↵
    1. Giuliano AE,
    2. McCall LM,
    3. Beitsch PD,
    4. Whitworth PW,
    5. Morrow M,
    6. Blumencranz PW,
    7. et al.
    (2010) ACOSOG Z0011: A randomized trial of axillary node dissection in women with clinical T1-2 N0 M0 breast cancer who have a positive sentinel node. 2010 ASCO Annual Meeting. Journal of Clinical Oncology 28:18s: 2010 (suppl; abstr CRA506).
  20. ↵
    1. Edge S,
    2. Byrd DR,
    3. Compton CC,
    4. Fritz AG,
    5. Greene FL,
    6. Trotti A
    , eds (2010) American Joint Cancer Commission Staging System. AJCC Cancer Staging Manual (Springer, New York (NY)), 7th ed.
  21. ↵
    1. Cady B
    (2002) Consensus on sentinel node biopsy. Breast J 8:123–125.
    OpenUrlPubMed
    1. Lyman GH,
    2. Giuliano AE,
    3. Somerfield MR,
    4. Benson AB 3rd.,
    5. Bodurka DC,
    6. Burstein HJ,
    7. et al.
    (2005) American Society of Clinical Oncology guideline recommendations for sentinel lymph node biopsy in early-stage breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 23:7703–7720.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  23. ↵
    1. Soni NK,
    2. Spillane AJ
    (2005) Experience of sentinel node biopsy alone in early breast cancer without further axillary dissection in patients with negative sentinel node. ANZ J Surg 75:292–299.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  24. ↵
    1. National Comprehensive Cancer Network
    (2015) Clinical practice guidelines in oncology (NCCN Guideline) version 2 (National Comprehensive Cancer, Fort Washington (PA)).
  25. ↵
    1. Elmadahm AA,
    2. Gill PG,
    3. Bochner M,
    4. Gebski VJ,
    5. Zannino D,
    6. Wetzig N,
    7. et al.
    (2015) Identification of the sentinel lymph node in the SNAC-1 trial. ANZ J Surg 85:58–63.
    OpenUrl
  26. ↵
    1. Tuttle TM
    (2005) Sentinel lymph node biopsy. Preferred method of axillary staging for breast cancer. Minerva Ginecol 57:293–303.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  27. ↵
    1. Somasundaram SK,
    2. Chicken DW,
    3. Waddington WA,
    4. Bomanji J,
    5. Ell PJ,
    6. Keshtgar MR
    (2009) Sentinel node imaging in breast cancer using superficial injections: technical details and observations. Eur J Surg Oncol 35:1250–1256.
    OpenUrlPubMed
    1. Bekker J,
    2. Meijer S
    (2008) The historical perspective of the sentinel lymph node concept. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 152:38–45, Dutch.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  29. ↵
    1. Schwartz GF,
    2. Giuliano AE,
    3. Veronesi U,
    4. Consensus Conference Committee
    (2002) Proceedings of the Consensus Conference on the role of sentinel lymph node biopsy in carcinoma of the Breast, April 19-22, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Cancer 94:2542–2551.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  30. ↵
    1. Ballarin A,
    2. Franchini Z,
    3. D’Atri C,
    4. Marchi R,
    5. Tedeschi U
    (2006) Sentinel lymph-node biopsy for breast cancer. Analysis of 235 cases and review of the literature. Chir Ital 58:583–595, Italian.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  31. ↵
    1. Kumar R,
    2. Jana S,
    3. Heiba SI,
    4. Dakhel M,
    5. Axelrod D,
    6. Siegel B,
    7. et al.
    (2003) Retrospective analysis of sentinel node localization in multifocal, multicentric, palpable, or nonpalpable breast cancer. J Nucl Med 44:7–10.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    1. Tousimis E,
    2. Van Zee KJ,
    3. Fey JV,
    4. Hoque LW,
    5. Tan LK,
    6. Cody HS 3rd.,
    7. et al.
    (2003) The accuracy of sentinel lymph node biopsy in multicentric and multifocal invasive breast cancers. J Am Coll Surg 197:529–535.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    1. Goyal A,
    2. Newcombe RG,
    3. Mansel RE,
    4. Chetty U,
    5. Ell P,
    6. Fallowfield L,
    7. et al.
    (2004) Sentinel lymph node biopsy in patients with multifocal breast cancer. Eur J Surg Oncol 30:475–479.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
    1. Spillane AJ,
    2. Brennan ME
    (2011) Accuracy of sentinel lymph node biopsy in large and multifocal/multicentric breast carcinoma--a systematic review. Eur J Surg Oncol 37:371–385.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  35. ↵
    1. Moody LC,
    2. Wen X,
    3. McKnight T,
    4. Chao C
    (2012) Indications for sentinel lymph node biopsy in multifocal and multicentric breast cancer. Surgery 152:389–396.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  36. ↵
    1. Schille J,
    2. Frisell J,
    3. Ingvar C,
    4. Bergkvist L
    (2007) Sentinel node biopsy for breast cancer larger than 3 cm in diameter. Br J Surg 94:948–951.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  37. ↵
    1. IBCSG 23-01
    International Breast Cancer Study Group, A randomized trial of axillary dissection vs. no axillary dissection for patients with clinically node negative breast cancer and micrometastases in the sentinel node. Sentinel lymph node biopsy trial. Available from:http://www.ibcsg.org/Public/Health_Professionals/Closed_Trials/IBCSG%2023-01/Pages/IBCSG23-01.aspx. Updated 2001; Accessed 2015 April 11.
  38. ↵
    1. Heuts EM,
    2. van der Ent FW,
    3. Kengen RA,
    4. van der Pol HA,
    5. Hulsewe KW,
    6. Hoofwijk AG
    (2006) Results of sentinel node biopsy not affected by previous excisional biopsy. Eur J Surg Oncol 32:278–281.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
    1. Dinan D,
    2. Nagle CE,
    3. Pettinga J
    (2005) Lymphatic mapping and sentinel node biopsy in women with an ipsilateral second breast carcinoma and a history of breast and axillary surgery. Am J Surg 190:614–617.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  40. ↵
    1. Javan H,
    2. Gholami H,
    3. Assadi M,
    4. Pakdel AF,
    5. Sadeghi R,
    6. Keshtgar M
    (2012) The accuracy of sentinel node biopsy in breast cancer patients with the history of previous surgical biopsy of the primary lesion: systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature. Eur J Surg Oncol 38:45–109.
    OpenUrl
  41. ↵
    1. Yen TW,
    2. Hunt KK,
    3. Ross MI,
    4. Mirza NQ,
    5. Babiera GV,
    6. Meric-Bernstam F,
    7. et al.
    (2005) Predictors of invasive breast cancer in patients with an initial diagnosis of ductal carcinoma in situ: a guide to selective use of sentinel lymph node biopsy in management of ductal carcinoma in situ. J Am Coll Surg 200:516–526.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    1. Shapiro-Wright HM,
    2. Julian TB
    (2010) Sentinel lymph node biopsy and management of the axilla in ductal carcinoma in situ. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 2010:145–149.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
    1. D’Eredita G,
    2. Giardina C,
    3. Napoli A,
    4. Ingravallo G,
    5. Troilo VL,
    6. Fischetti F,
    7. et al.
    (2009) Sentinel lymph node biopsy in patients with pure and high-risk ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast. Tumori 95:706–711.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  44. ↵
    1. Intra M,
    2. Rotmensz N,
    3. Veronesi P,
    4. Colleoni M,
    5. Iodice S,
    6. Paganelli G,
    7. et al.
    (2008) Sentinel node biopsy is not a standard procedure in ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast: the experience of the European Institute of Oncology in 854 patients in 10 years. Ann Surg 247:315–319.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  45. ↵
    1. Maaskant-Braat AJ,
    2. van de Poll-Franse LV,
    3. Voogd AC,
    4. Coebergh JW,
    5. Roumen RM,
    6. Nolthenius-Puylaert MC
    (2011) Sentinel node micrometastases in breast cancer do not affect prognosis: a population-based study. Breast Cancer Res Treat 127:195–203.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    1. Gobardhan PD,
    2. Elias SG,
    3. Madsen EV,
    4. van Wely B,
    5. van den Wildenberg F,
    6. Theunissen EB,
    7. et al.
    (2011) Prognostic value of lymph node micrometastases in breast cancer: a multicenter cohort study. Ann Surg Oncol 18:1657–1664.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  47. ↵
    1. Weaver DL,
    2. Ashikaya T,
    3. Krag DN,
    4. Skelly JM,
    5. Anderson SJ,
    6. Harlow SP,
    7. et al.
    (2011) Effect of occult metastases on survival in node-negative breast cancer. N Engl J Med 364:412–421.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  48. ↵
    1. Galimberti V,
    2. Cole BF,
    3. Zurrida S,
    4. Viale G,
    5. Luini A,
    6. Veronesi P,
    7. et al.
    (2013) Axillary dissection versus no axillary dissection in patients with sentinel-node micrometastases (IBCSG 23-01): a phase 3 randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol 14:297–305.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  49. ↵
    1. van Deurzen CH,
    2. Vriens BE,
    3. Tjan-Heijnen VC,
    4. van der Wall E,
    5. Albregts M,
    6. van Hilligersberg R,
    7. et al.
    (2009) Accuracy of sentinel node biopsy after neoadjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer patients: a systematic review. Eur J Cancer 45:3124–3130.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
    1. Xing Y,
    2. Foy M,
    3. Cox DD,
    4. Kuerer HM,
    5. Hunt KK,
    6. Cormier JN
    (2006) Meta-analysis of sentinel lymph node biopsy after preoperative chemotherapy in patients with breast cancer. Br J Surg 93:539–546.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    1. Kelly AM,
    2. Dwamena B,
    3. Cronin P,
    4. Carlos RC
    (2009) Breast cancer sentinel node identification and classification after neoadjuvant chemotherapy-systematic review and meta analysis. Acad Radiol 16:551–563.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  52. ↵
    1. Lyman GH,
    2. Temin S,
    3. Edge SB,
    4. Newman LA,
    5. Turner RR,
    6. Weaver DL,
    7. et al.
    (2014) Sentinel lymph node biopsy for patients with early-stage breast cancer: American Society of Clinical Oncology clinical practice guideline update. J Clin Oncol 32:1365–1383.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  53. ↵
    1. Yi M,
    2. Meric-Bernstam F,
    3. Ross MI,
    4. Akins JS,
    5. Hwang RF,
    6. Lucci A,
    7. et al.
    (2008) How many sentinel lymph nodes are enough during sentinel lymph node dissection for breast cancer? Cancer 113:30–37.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  54. ↵
    1. Giuliano AE,
    2. Hawes D,
    3. Ballman KV,
    4. Whitworth PW,
    5. Blumencranz PW,
    6. Reintgen DS,
    7. et al.
    (2011) Association of occult metastases in sentinel lymph nodes and bone marrow with survival among women with early-stage invasive breast cancer. JAMA 306:385–393.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  55. ↵
    1. Yi M,
    2. Giordano SH,
    3. Meric-Bernstam F,
    4. Mittendorf EA,
    5. Kuerer HM,
    6. Hwang RF,
    7. et al.
    (2010) Trends in and outcomes from sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) alone vs. SLNB with axillary lymph node dissection for node-positive breast cancer patients: experience from the SEER database. Ann Surg Oncol 17(Suppl 3):S343–S351.
    OpenUrl
  56. ↵
    1. Grube BJ,
    2. Giuliano AE
    (2001) Observation of the breast cancer patient with a tumor-positive sentinel node: Implications of the ACOSOG Z0011 trial. Semin Surg Oncol 20:230–237.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  57. ↵
    1. Van Zee KJ,
    2. Manasseh DM,
    3. Bevilacqua JL,
    4. Boolbol SK,
    5. Fey JV,
    6. Tan LK,
    7. et al.
    (2003) A nomogram for predicting the likelihood of additional nodal metastases in breast cancer patients with a positive sentinel node biopsy. Ann Surg Oncol 10:1140–1151.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  58. ↵
    1. Caudle AS,
    2. Hunt KK,
    3. Kuerer HM,
    4. Meric-Bernstam F,
    5. Lucci A,
    6. Bedrosian I,
    7. et al.
    (2011) Multidisciplinary considerations in the implementation of the findings from the American College of Surgeons Oncology Group (ACOSOG) Z0011 study: a practice-changing trial. Ann Surg Oncol 18:2407–2412.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  59. ↵
    1. van der Ploeg IM,
    2. Nieweg OE,
    3. van Rijk MC,
    4. Valdes Olmos RA,
    5. Kroon BB
    (2008) Axillary recurrence after a tumour-negative sentinel node biopsy in breast cancer patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature. Eur J Surg Oncol 34:1277–1284.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  60. ↵
    1. Naik AM,
    2. Fey J,
    3. Gemignani M,
    4. Heerdt A,
    5. Montgomery L,
    6. Petrek J,
    7. et al.
    (2004) The risk of axillary relapse after sentinel lymph node biopsy for breast cancer is comparable with that of axillary lymph node dissection: a follow-up study of 4008 procedures. Ann Surg 240:462–468, discussion 468-471.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    1. Chung MA,
    2. Steinhoff MM,
    3. Cady B
    (2002) Clinical axillary recurrence in breast cancer patients after a negative sentinel node biopsy. Am J Surg 184:310–314.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  62. ↵
    1. Langer I,
    2. Marti WR,
    3. Guller U,
    4. Moch H,
    5. Harder F,
    6. Oertli D,
    7. et al.
    (2005) Axillary recurrence rate in breast cancer patients with negative sentinel lymph node (SLN) or SLN micrometastases: prospective analysis of 150 patients after SLN biopsy. Ann Surg 241:152–158.
    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
Back to top

In this issue

Print
Download PDF
Email Article
Citation Tools
Bookmark this article

Jump to section