Review ArticleReview Article
Open Access

Literature review of factors affecting continence after radical prostatectomy

Dalibor Pacik and Michal Fedorko
Saudi Medical Journal January 2017, 38 (1) 9-17; DOI: https://doi.org/10.15537/smj.2017.1.15293

References

  1. ↵
    1. Wein A,
    2. Kavoussi L,
    3. Novick A,
    4. Partin A,
    5. Peters C
    1. Wessells H,
    2. Peterson AC
    (2012) in Campbell-Walsh Urology, >Surgical Procedures for Sphincteric Incontinence in the Male, eds Wein A, Kavoussi L, Novick A, Partin A, Peters C (WB Saunders, Philadelphia (PA)), 10th edition, pp 2290–2305.
  2. ↵
    1. Bauer RM,
    2. Gozzi C,
    3. Hübner W,
    4. Nitti VW,
    5. Novara G,
    6. Peterson A,
    7. et al.
    (2011) Contemporary management of postprostatectomy incontinence. Eur Urol 59:985–996.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  3. ↵
    1. Khoder WY,
    2. Trottmann M,
    3. Stuber A,
    4. Stief CG,
    5. Becker AJ
    (2013) Early incontinence after radical prostatectomy: a community based retrospective analysis in 911 men and implications for preoperative counseling. Urol Oncol 31:1006–1011.
    OpenUrl
  4. ↵
    1. Mottet N,
    2. Bellmunt J,
    3. Briers E,
    4. van den Bergh R,
    5. Bolla M,
    6. van Casteren N,
    7. et al.
    (2015) Guidelines on prostate cancer 2015. European Association of Urology Guidelines (uropean Association of Urology, Arnhem (NL)), 1–40.
  5. ↵
    1. Sanda MG,
    2. Dunn RL,
    3. Michalski J,
    4. Sandler HM,
    5. Northouse L,
    6. Hembroff L,
    7. et al.
    (2008) Quality of life and satisfaction with outcome among prostate-cancer survivors. N Engl J Med 358:1250–1261.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  6. ↵
    1. Bauer RM,
    2. Bastian PJ,
    3. Gozzi C,
    4. Stief CG
    (2009) Postprostatectomy incontinence: all about diagnosis and management. Eur Urol 55:322–333.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  7. ↵
    1. Ficarra V,
    2. Novara G,
    3. Rosen RC,
    4. Artibani W,
    5. Carroll PR,
    6. Costello A,
    7. et al.
    (2012) Systematic review and meta-analysis of studies reporting urinary continence recovery after robot-assisted radical prostatectomy. Eur Urol 62:405–417.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  8. ↵
    1. Kundu SD,
    2. Roehl KA,
    3. Eggener SE,
    4. Antenor JA,
    5. Han M,
    6. Catalona WJ
    (2004) Potency, continence and complications in 3,477 consecutive radical retropubic prostatectomies. J Urol 172(6 Pt 1):2227–2231.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  9. ↵
    1. Cambio AJ,
    2. Evans CP
    (2006) Minimising postoperative incontinence following radical prostatectomy: considerations and evidence. Eur Urol 50:903–913.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  10. ↵
    1. Mungovan SF,
    2. Huijbers BP,
    3. Hirschhorn AD,
    4. Patel MI
    (2013) Relationships between perioperative physical activity and urinary incontinence after radical prostatectomy: an observational study. BMC Urol 13:67.
    OpenUrl
  11. ↵
    1. Dubbelman Y,
    2. Groen J,
    3. Wildhagen M,
    4. Rikken B,
    5. Bosch R
    (2012) Quantification of changes in detrusor function and pressure-flow parameters after radical prostatectomy: relation to postoperative continence status and the impact of intensity of pelvic floor muscle exercises. Neurourol Urodynam 31:637–641.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  12. ↵
    1. Burkhard F,
    2. Lucas M,
    3. Berghmans L,
    4. Bosch J,
    5. Cruz F,
    6. Lemack G,
    7. et al.
    (2016) European Association of Urology Guidelines, EAU Guidelines on Urinary Incontinence in Adults (European Association of Urology, Arhnem (NL)), 2016 edition, pp 46–50.
  13. ↵
    1. Wein A,
    2. Kavoussi L,
    3. Novick A,
    4. Partin A,
    5. Peters C
    1. Chung B,
    2. Sommer G,
    3. Brooks J
    (2012) Anatomy of the lower urinary tract and male genitalia. in Campbell-walsh urology, eds Wein A, Kavoussi L, Novick A, Partin A, Peters C (Philadelphia (PA)), 10th edition, 33–70.
  14. ↵
    1. Stolzenburg JU,
    2. Schwalenberg T,
    3. Horn LC,
    4. Neuhaus J,
    5. Constantinides C,
    6. Liatsikos EN
    (2007) Anatomical landmarks of radical prostatecomy. Eur Urol 51:629–639.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  15. ↵
    1. Myers RP
    (2002) Detrusor apron, associated vascular plexus, and avascular plane: relevance to radical retropubic prostatectomy--anatomic and surgical commentary. Urology 59:472–479.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  16. ↵
    1. Poore RE,
    2. McCullough DL,
    3. Jarow JP
    (1998) Puboprostatic ligament sparing improves urinary continence after radical retropubic prostatectomy. Urology 51:67–72.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  17. ↵
    1. Stolzenburg JU,
    2. Liatsikos EN,
    3. Rabenalt R,
    4. Do M,
    5. Sakelaropoulos G,
    6. Horn LC,
    7. et al.
    (2006) Nerve sparing endoscopic extraperitoneal radical prostatectomy--effect of puboprostatic ligament preservation on early continence and positive margins. Eur Urol 49:103–111.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  18. ↵
    1. Wein A,
    2. Kavoussi L,
    3. Novick A,
    4. Partin A,
    5. Peters C
    1. Yoshimura N,
    2. Chancellor MB
    (2012) in Campbell-walsh urology, Physiology and pharmacology of the bladder and urethra, eds Wein A, Kavoussi L, Novick A, Partin A, Peters C (WB Saunders, Philadelphia (PA)), 10th edition, pp 1786–1833.
  19. ↵
    1. Hakimi AA,
    2. Faleck DM,
    3. Agalliu I,
    4. Rozenblit AM,
    5. Chernyak V,
    6. Ghavamian R
    (2011) Preoperative and intraoperative measurements of urethral length as predictors of continence after robot-assisted radical prostatectomy. J Endourol 25:1025–1030.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  20. ↵
    1. Dubbelman YD,
    2. Groen J,
    3. Wildhagen MF,
    4. Rikken B,
    5. Bosch JL
    (2012) Urodynamic quantification of decrease in sphincter function after radical prostatectomy: relation to postoperative continence status and the effect of intensive pelvic floor muscle exercises. Neurourol Urodynam 31:646–651.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  21. ↵
    1. Dubbelman YD,
    2. Bosch JL
    (2013) Urethral sphincter function before and after radical prostatectomy: Systematic review of the prognostic value of various assessment techniques. Neurourol Urodyn 32:957–963.
    OpenUrl
  22. ↵
    1. Paparel P,
    2. Akin O,
    3. Sandhu JS,
    4. Otero JR,
    5. Serio AM,
    6. Scardino PT,
    7. et al.
    (2009) Recovery of urinary continence after radical prostatectomy: association with urethral length and urethral fibrosis measured by preoperative and postoperative endorectal magnetic resonance imaging. Eur Urol 55:629–637.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  23. ↵
    1. Stafford RE,
    2. Ashton-Miller JA,
    3. Constantinou CE,
    4. Hodges PW
    (2012) Novel insight into the dynamics of male pelvic floor contractions through transperineal ultrasound imaging. J Urol 188:1224–1230.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  24. ↵
    1. Takenaka A,
    2. Tewari AK,
    3. Leung RA,
    4. Bigelow K,
    5. El-Tabey N,
    6. Murakami G,
    7. et al.
    (2007) Preservation of the puboprostatic collar and puboperineoplasty for early recovery of urinary continence after robotic prostatectomy: anatomic basis and preliminary outcomes. Eur Urol 51:433–440.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  25. ↵
    1. Hinata N,
    2. Murakami G
    (2014) The urethral rhabdosphincter, levator ani muscle, and perineal membrane: a review. Biomed Res Int 2014:906921.
    OpenUrl
  26. ↵
    1. Takenaka A,
    2. Hara R,
    3. Soga H,
    4. Murakami G,
    5. Fujisawa M
    (2005) A novel technique for approaching the endopelvic fascia in retropubic radical prostatectomy, based on an anatomical study of fixed and fresh cadavers. BJU Int 95:766–771.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  27. ↵
    1. Rajasekaran MR,
    2. Sohn D,
    3. Salehi M,
    4. Bhargava V,
    5. Fritsch H,
    6. Mittal RK
    (2012) Role of puborectalis muscle in the genesis of urethral pressure. J Urol 188:1382–1388.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  28. ↵
    1. Soga H,
    2. Takenaka A,
    3. Murakami G,
    4. Fujisawa M
    (2008) Topographical relationship between urethral rhabdosphincter and rectourethralis muscle: a better understanding of the apical dissection and the posterior stitches in radical prostatectomy. Int J Urol 15:729–732.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  29. ↵
    1. Walz J,
    2. Burnett AL,
    3. Costello AJ,
    4. Eastham JA,
    5. Graefen M,
    6. Guillonneau B,
    7. et al.
    (2010) A critical analysis of the current knowledge of surgical anatomy related to optimization of cancer control and preservation of continence and erection in candidates for radical prostatectomy. Eur Urol 57:179–192.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  30. ↵
    1. Sohn DW,
    2. Hong CK,
    3. Chung DJ,
    4. Kim SH,
    5. Kim SJ,
    6. Chung J,
    7. et al.
    (2014) Pelvic floor musculature and bladder neck changes before and after continence recovery after radical prostatectomy in pelvic MRI. J Magn Reson Imaging 39:1431–1435.
    OpenUrl
  31. ↵
    1. Hinata N,
    2. Sejima T,
    3. Takenaka A
    (2013) Progress in pelvic anatomy from the viewpoint of radical prostatectomy. Int J Urol 20:260–270.
    OpenUrl
  32. ↵
    1. Kojima Y,
    2. Takahashi N,
    3. Haga N,
    4. Nomiya M,
    5. Yanagida T,
    6. Ishibashi K,
    7. et al.
    (2013) Urinary incontinence after robot-assisted radical prostatectomy: pathophysiology and intraoperative techniques to improve surgical outcome. Int J Urol 20:1052–1063.
    OpenUrl
  33. ↵
    1. Bianco FJ Jr.,
    2. Riedel ER,
    3. Begg CB,
    4. Kattan MW,
    5. Scardino PT
    (2005) Variations among high volume surgeons in the rate of complications after radical prostatectomy: further evidence that technique matters. J Urol 173:2099–2103.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  34. ↵
    1. Freire MP,
    2. Weinberg AC,
    3. Lei Y,
    4. Soukup JR,
    5. Lipsitz SR,
    6. Prasad SM,
    7. et al.
    (2009) Anatomic bladder neck preservation during robotic-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy: description of technique and outcomes. Eur Urol 56:972–980.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  35. ↵
    1. Lee DI,
    2. Wedmid A,
    3. Mendoza P,
    4. Sharma S,
    5. Walicki M,
    6. Hastings R,
    7. et al.
    (2011) Bladder neck plication stitch: A novel technique during robot-assisted radical prostatectomy to improve recovery of urinary continence. J Endourol 25:1873–1877.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  36. ↵
    1. Schlomm T,
    2. Heinzer H,
    3. Steuber T,
    4. Salomon G,
    5. Engel O,
    6. Michl U,
    7. et al.
    (2011) Full functional-length urethral sphincter preservation during radical prostatectomy. Eur Urol 60:320–329.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  37. ↵
    1. Lee SE,
    2. Byun SS,
    3. Lee HJ,
    4. Song SH,
    5. Chang IH,
    6. Kim YJ,
    7. et al.
    (2006) Impact of variations in prostatic apex shape on early recovery of urinary continence after radical retropubic prostatectomy. Urology 68:137–141.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  38. ↵
    1. Kozacioglu Z,
    2. Ceylan Y
    (2015) The influence of membranous stretched urethral length and urethral circumference on postoperative recovery of continence after radical prostatectomy: A pilot study. Can Urol Assoc J 9:E638.
    OpenUrl
  39. ↵
    1. Campenni MA,
    2. Harmon JD,
    3. Ginsberg PC,
    4. Harkaway RC
    (2002) Improved continence after radical retropubic prostatectomy using two pubo-urethral suspension stitches. Urol Int 68:109–112.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  40. ↵
    1. Jones JS,
    2. Vasavada SP,
    3. Abdelmalak JB,
    4. Liou L,
    5. Ahmed ES,
    6. Zippe CD,
    7. et al.
    (2005) Sling may hasten return of continence after radical prostatectomy. Urology 65:1163–1167.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  41. ↵
    1. Patel VR,
    2. Coelho RF,
    3. Palmer KJ,
    4. Rocco B
    (2009) Periurethral suspension stitch during robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy: description of the technique and continence outcomes. Eur Urol 56:472–478.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  42. ↵
    1. Park R,
    2. Martin S,
    3. Goldberg JD,
    4. Lepor H
    (2001) Anastomotic strictures following radical prostatectomy: insights into incidence, effectiveness of intervention, effect on continence, and factors predisposing to occurrence. Urology 57:742–746.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  43. ↵
    1. Rocco B,
    2. Cozzi G,
    3. Spinelli MG,
    4. Coelho RF,
    5. Patel VR,
    6. Tewari A,
    7. et al.
    (2012) Posterior musculofascial reconstruction after radical prostatectomy: a systematic review of the literature. Eur Urol 62:779–790.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  44. ↵
    1. Rocco F,
    2. Carmignani L,
    3. Acquati P,
    4. Gadda F,
    5. Dell’Orto P,
    6. Rocco B,
    7. et al.
    (2006) Restoration of posterior aspect of rhabdosphincter shortens continence time after radical retropubic prostatectomy. J Urol 175:2201–2206.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  45. ↵
    1. Tewari A,
    2. Jhaveri J,
    3. Rao S,
    4. Yadav R,
    5. Bartsch G,
    6. Te A,
    7. et al.
    (2008) Total reconstruction of the vesico-urethral junction. BJU Int 101:871–877.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  46. ↵
    1. Costello AJ,
    2. Brooks M,
    3. Cole OJ
    (2004) Anatomical studies of the neurovascular bundle and cavernosal nerves. BJU Int 94:1071–1076.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  47. ↵
    1. John H,
    2. Hauri D
    (2000) Seminal vesicle-sparing radical prostatectomy: a novel concept to restore early urinary continence. Urology 55:820–824.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  48. ↵
    1. Finley DS,
    2. Osann K,
    3. Skarecky D,
    4. Ahlering TE
    (2009) Hypothermic nerve-sparing radical prostatectomy: rationale, feasibility, and effect on early continence. Urology 73:691–696.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  49. ↵
    1. Finley DS,
    2. Osann K,
    3. Chang A,
    4. Santos R,
    5. Skarecky D,
    6. Ahlering TE
    (2009) Hypothermic robotic radical prostatectomy: impact on continence. J Endourol 23:1443–1450.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  50. ↵
    1. Pick DL,
    2. Osann K,
    3. Skarecky D,
    4. Narula N,
    5. Finley DS,
    6. Ahlering TE
    (2011) The impact of cavernosal nerve preservation on continence after robotic radical prostatectomy. BJU Int 108:1492–1496.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  51. ↵
    1. Stolzenburg JU,
    2. Kallidonis P,
    3. Do M,
    4. Dietel A,
    5. Häfner T,
    6. Rabenalt R,
    7. et al.
    (2010) A comparison of outcomes for interfascial and intrafascial nerve-sparing radical prostatectomy. Urology 76:743–748.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  52. ↵
    1. Kay L,
    2. Bertelsen M
    (2013) Bladder symptoms among polio survivors. J Rehabil Med 45:560–564.
    OpenUrl
  53. ↵
    1. Stolwijk-Swüste JM,
    2. Beelen A,
    3. Lankhorst GJ,
    4. Nollet F,
    5. CARPA Study Group
    (2005) The course of functional status and muscle strength in patients with late-onset sequelae of poliomyelitis: a systematic review. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 86:1693–1701.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  54. ↵
    1. Ficarra V,
    2. Novara G,
    3. Fracalanza S,
    4. D’Elia C,
    5. Secco S,
    6. Iafrate M,
    7. et al.
    (2009) A prospective, non-randomized trial comparing robot-assisted laparoscopic and retropubic radical prostatectomy in one European institution. BJU Int 104:534–539.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  55. ↵
    1. Rocco B,
    2. Matei DV,
    3. Melegari S,
    4. Ospina JC,
    5. Mazzoleni F,
    6. Errico G,
    7. et al.
    (2009) Robotic vs open prostatectomy in a laparoscopically naive centre: a matched-pair analysis. BJU Int 104:991–995.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  56. ↵
    1. Krambeck AE,
    2. DiMarco DS,
    3. Rangel LJ,
    4. Bergstralh EJ,
    5. Myers RP,
    6. Blute ML,
    7. et al.
    (2009) Radical prostatectomy for prostatic adenocarcinoma: a matched comparison of open retropubic and robot-assisted techniques. BJU Int 103:448–453.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  57. ↵
    1. Ahlering TE,
    2. Woo D,
    3. Eichel L,
    4. Lee DI,
    5. Edwards R,
    6. Skarecky DW
    (2004) Robot-assisted versus open radical prostatectomy: a comparison of one surgeon’s outcomes. Urology 63:819–822.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  58. ↵
    1. Geraerts I,
    2. Van Poppel H,
    3. Devoogdt N,
    4. Van Cleynenbreugel B,
    5. Joniau S,
    6. Van Kampen M
    (2013) Prospective evaluation of urinary incontinence, voiding symptoms and quality of life after open and robot-assisted radical prostatectomy. BJU Int 112:936–943.
    OpenUrl
  59. ↵
    1. O’Neil B,
    2. Koyama T,
    3. Alvarez J,
    4. Conwill RM,
    5. Albertsen PC,
    6. Cooperberg MR,
    7. et al.
    (2016) The comparative harms of open and robotic prostatectomy in population based samples. J Urol 195:321–329.
    OpenUrl
  60. ↵
    1. Lucas M,
    2. Bedretdinova D,
    3. Berghmans L,
    4. Bosch J,
    5. Burkhard F,
    6. Cruz F,
    7. et al.
    (2015) EAU Guidelines 2015. Guidelines on urinary incontinence (European Association of Urology, Arnhem (NL)), 23–24.
  61. ↵
    1. Filocamo MT,
    2. Li Marzi V,
    3. Del Popolo G,
    4. Cecconi F,
    5. Marzocco M,
    6. Tosto A,
    7. et al.
    (2005) Effectiveness of early pelvic floor rehabilitation treatment for post-prostatectomy incontinence. Eur Urol 48:734–738.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  62. ↵
    1. Ribeiro LH,
    2. Prota C,
    3. Gomes CM,
    4. de Bessa J Jr.,
    5. Boldarine MP,
    6. Dall’Oglio MF,
    7. et al.
    (2010) Long-term effect of early postoperative pelvic floor biofeedback on continence in men undergoing radical prostatectomy: a prospective, randomized, controlled trial. J Urol 184:1034–1039.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  63. ↵
    1. Glazer HI,
    2. Laine CD
    (2006) Pelvic floor muscle biofeedback in the treatment of urinary incontinence: a literature review. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback 31:187–201.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  64. ↵
    1. Overgård M,
    2. Angelsen A,
    3. Lydersen S,
    4. Mørkved S
    (2008) Does physiotherapist-guided pelvic floor muscle training reduce urinary incontinence after radical prostatectomy?A randomised controlled trial. Eur Urol 54:438–448.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  65. ↵
    1. Moore KN,
    2. Valiquette L,
    3. Chetner MP,
    4. Byrniak S,
    5. Herbison GP
    (2008) Return to continence after radical retropubic prostatectomy: a randomized trial of verbal and written instructions versus therapist-directed pelvic floor muscle therapy. Urology 72:1280–1286.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  66. ↵
    1. Burgio KL,
    2. Goode PS,
    3. Urban DA,
    4. Umlauf MG,
    5. Locher JL,
    6. Bueschen A,
    7. et al.
    (2006) Preoperative biofeedback assisted behavioral training to decrease post-prostatectomy incontinence: a randomized, controlled trial. J Urol 175:196–201.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    1. Centemero A,
    2. Rigatti L,
    3. Giraudo D,
    4. Lazzeri M,
    5. Lughezzani G,
    6. Zugna D,
    7. et al.
    (2010) Preoperative pelvic floor muscle exercise for early continence after radical prostatectomy: a randomised controlled study. Eur Urol 57:1039–1043.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  68. ↵
    1. Tienforti D,
    2. Sacco E,
    3. Marangi F,
    4. D’Addessi A,
    5. Racioppi M,
    6. Gulino G,
    7. et al.
    (2012) Efficacy of an assisted low-intensity programme of perioperative pelvic floor muscle training in improving the recovery of continence after radical prostatectomy: a randomized controlled trial. BJU Int 110:1004–1010.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  69. ↵
    1. Geraerts I,
    2. Van Poppel H,
    3. Devoogdt N,
    4. Joniau S,
    5. Van Cleynenbreugel B,
    6. De Groef A,
    7. et al.
    (2013) Influence of preoperative and postoperative pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) compared with postoperative PFMT on urinary incontinence after radical prostatectomy: a randomized controlled trial. Eur Urol 64:766–772.
    OpenUrl
  70. ↵
    1. Zhu YP,
    2. Yao XD,
    3. Zhang SL,
    4. Dai B,
    5. Ye DW
    (2012) Pelvic floor electrical stimulation for postprostatectomy urinary incontinence: a meta-analysis. Urology 79:552–555.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  71. ↵
    1. Goode PS,
    2. Burgio KL,
    3. Johnson TM 2nd.,
    4. Clay OJ,
    5. Roth DL,
    6. Markland AD,
    7. et al.
    (2011) Behavioral therapy with or without biofeedback and pelvic floor electrical stimulation for persistent postprostatectomy incontinence: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 305:151–159.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  72. ↵
    1. Chang JI,
    2. Lam V,
    3. Patel MI
    (2016) Preoperative pelvic floor muscle exercise and postprostatectomy incontinence: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Urol 69:460–467.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  73. ↵
    1. Filocamo MT,
    2. Li Marzi V,
    3. Del Popolo G,
    4. Cecconi F,
    5. Villari D,
    6. Marzocco M,
    7. et al.
    (2007) Pharmacologic treatment in postprostatectomy stress urinary incontinence. Eur Urol 51:1559–1564.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  74. ↵
    1. Bianco FJ,
    2. Albala DM,
    3. Belkoff LH,
    4. Miles BJ,
    5. Peabody JO,
    6. He W,
    7. et al.
    (2015) A randomized, double-blind, solifenacin succinate versus placebo control, phase 4, multicenter study evaluating urinary continence after robotic assisted radical prostatectomy. J Urol 193:1305–1310.
    OpenUrl
Back to top

In this issue

Print
Download PDF
Email Article
Citation Tools
Bookmark this article

Jump to section