Evaluation of irisin, retinol-binding protein 4, and leptin serum levels as biomarkers of macrovascular complications involvement in Saudi type 2 diabetes mellitus. A case-control study

From the Biochemistry Department (Ali), Faculty of Science, University of Jeddah, from the Clinical Biochemistry Department (Hegazy), Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; from the Medical Biochemistry Department (Hegazy), National Research Center, Cairo, and from the Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department (Hashem), Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt

From the Biochemistry Department (Ali), Faculty of Science, University of Jeddah, from the Clinical Biochemistry Department (Hegazy), Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; from the Medical Biochemistry Department (Hegazy), National Research Center, Cairo, and from the Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department (Hashem), Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt

From the Biochemistry Department (Ali), Faculty of Science, University of Jeddah, from the Clinical Biochemistry Department (Hegazy), Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; from the Medical Biochemistry Department (Hegazy), National Research Center, Cairo, and from the Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department (Hashem), Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt