Abstract
Objectives: To evaluate the factors related to breast cancer (BC) recurrence as well as survival in women ≤40 years old.
Methods: This is a retrospective medical record review of women aged ≤40 years diagnosed with BC stages I to III between January 2009 and June 2017 at King Abdulaziz University Hospital (KAUH), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Demographic data collected included patients’ initial presentation (including age and date of diagnosis), imaging studies, tumor characteristics, type of surgery, systemic therapy (if any) received, and site of first recurrence. Data was analyzed to assess recurrence rate, disease-free survival (DFS), and overall survival (OS), and determine associated factors. Descriptive statistics were used to calculate the mean, median, standard deviation, and quartiles. Chi-square test was performed to test the association between 2 variables. Kaplan-Meier analyses were performed to assess survival distribution.
Results: A total of 117 patients were included for analysis. Median follow-up was 16 months (range 0 to 99). Five-year DFS 57% and OS was 89%. Adjuvant chemotherapy was associated with a better DFS (hazard ratio of 0.204; 95% confidence interval, 0.050 to 0.832; p=0.027). Higher tumor, node, metastasis stage was significantly associated with worse DFS (p=0.034). Fewer postoperative follow-up visits significantly predicted recurrence (p=0.003).
Conclusion: We found a high risk of BC recurrence among patients at our institution. Higher cancer stage, nonuse adjuvant chemotherapy, and low follow-up rate were significant predictive factors for recurrence.
Despite the fact that breast cancer (BC) is the most common cancer in women worldwide, a recent study in Saudi Arabia demonstrated very low rates of BC screening among all age groups.1,2 The study conducted a nationwide free-of-charge survey, which had a turnout of a mere 10,000 participants, and attributed the low rates of BC screening to the absence of a national screening program and difficult access to healthcare.3 While predominance of BC still lies within older age groups, younger age groups are seldom diagnosed early and unfortunately face dire prognoses with a higher recurrence rate and a diminished lifespan.4-6 Women younger than 40 years had a rate of stage IV BC that ranged from 4% to 6% in literature, while a study in India has reported a rate of 22%.7-9 According to the 2015 Saudi Cancer Registry report, BC was the most common newly diagnosed cancer between women in that year, accounting for 1979 (30.1%) of all cancers. Among all the women with BC, 355 (17.9%) patients were less than 40 years old.10 Even though surgical intervention may eradicate cancer initially and help in prolonging life expectancy, a risk high of locoregional recurrence is still there, and if not addressed properly, can be fatal.11 The Group of Early Breast Cancer Trialists’ Collaborative12 and Bartelink et al13 showed a reduced mortality rate, especially for 40 years old or younger patients, whose rate of local recurrence was 19.5% with standard treatment and 10.2% with the addition of radiation therapy. Unfortunately, they did not study the factors behind the high recurrence rate. Additionally, a comparative study by Cossetti et al14 revealed that in comparing BC patients treated from 1986 to 1992 to patients treated from 2004 and 2008, recurrence-free survival significantly improved in all BC subtypes due to advancements in treatment and overall patient healthcare.
A study by Bijker et al15 and a meta-analysis in 2017 by He and Zou,16 concluded that age is an independent risk factor for BC recurrence, and concluded that younger patients have a recurrence rate of a higher risk. Other study focused on surgical treatment modalities as a risk factor for locoregional recurrence and found that this association was insignificant if the surgical margins were negative.17 Moreover, a 13-year trend analysis revealed that patient beliefs are biased towards mastectomy as the surgical modality of choice due to fear of recurrence despite the overwhelming evidence to the insignificance of that preference.18,19
Other factors play major roles in affecting the prognosis of the younger age groups and are unfortunately only found in a scarce number of studies published worldwide, such as a 2016 study by Plichta et al.20 These studies discuss the extent of BC pathological grading and staging before treatment, receptor status involved in BC cells, application of adjuvant systemic therapies and their types, long-term survival rates, and other factors.
Not understanding the risk factors for recurrence and survival will delay the detection of BC recurrence leading to high recurrence rates and a diminished survival rate; which, creates a psychological burden to the patient as well as an economic burden on the health care system. Therefore, this study aim to better understand these risk factors in a group of young patients by analyzing recurrence and survival patterns of women at a major university hospital and cancer referral center King Abdulaziz University Hospital (KAUH), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
Methods
Approval for this study was granted by the Research Committee of the Unit of Biomedical Ethics of KAUH. All patients consented to the use of their clinical data for study purposes. A retrospective review of the medical records with inclusion criteria of all women who were 40 years of age and younger diagnosed with biopsy proven BC stages I to III between January 2009 and June 2017 at KAUH was conducted. Demographic data collected included patients’ initial presentation (including age and date of diagnosis), imaging studies, tumor characteristics, type of surgery, systemic therapy (if any) received, and site of first recurrence. Recurrence (either locoregional or distant), disease-free survival (DFS), and overall survival (OS) were assessed. Disease-free survival was measured from the date of the procedure until the date of recurrence and OS has been determined from the date of the procedure to the date of death or last follow-up. Breast cancer gene status was not assessed for any of the patients in our institute.
The tumor, node, metastasis (TNM) pathological staging system was used, which included all the data from the clinical staging, plus pathological evaluation (gross and microscopic) of the main cancer, regional lymph nodes and metastatic (if applicable) locations. Pathologic staging was performed according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer21 for cancer staging, we found that the primary tumor needs to be excised without a macroscopic tumor in any resection margin for full pathological evaluation, and evaluation of axillary nodes includes surgical excision with sentinel lymph node biopsy evaluation in patients with stage I and stage II tumors for any nodes that are clinically negative to ensure accurate staging. Any recurrence in the ipsilateral breast, chest wall or regional lymph nodes (ipsilateral axillary, internal mammary, infraclavicular or supraclavicular) was defined as locoregional recurrence described by the American Joint Cancer Committee (AJCC 7th Edition).21 To assess the death date for each death patient, survival data were gathered from the KAUH death certificate data.
The analyses of the present study were performed using SPSS (IBM Corp, Armonk, NY, USA) version 20.0. Continuous variables were described using means, medians, standard deviations, and quartiles. The Chi-square analysis was used to evaluate categorical variables. Furthermore, we used Cox regression test for univariate analysis. The statistical significance of p<0.05 has been set. A non-parametric median test to assess significant differences between 2 groups was applied. Analysis of Kaplan-Meier was used to calculate the survival distribution. Furthermore, the survival distribution of 2 or more groups of a between-subjects factor was analyzed to compare for equality.
Results
Out of 1304 patients diagnosed with BC between January 2009 and June 2017, a total of 153 (11.7%) women age 40 years or younger with biopsy proven BC histology were identified. Thirty-six patients (23.5%) with stage IV disease were excluded, resulting in a study total of 117 (9%) participants (Table 1).
Breast cancer patient numbers and distribution by clinical stage.
At time of diagnosis, the mean age was 34.6±4.4 years (range 20 to 40) with 55% being 35 years old or less. The median follow-up period was 16 months (range 0 to 99). Overall, non-Saudi patients constituted 61.5%. Approximately 94.9% of patients had invasive ductal carcinoma and 58.1% had molecular subtype luminal-A. With regard to staging, 81.2% were TNM stage I or II. Lumpectomy as surgical treatment was performed to 51.3%, mastectomy to 48.7%, and axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) was performed at 65% of the entire population. Approximately 64.1% of patients received adjuvant chemotherapy, while no systemic therapy was received by 13.7% (chemotherapy, immunotherapy, or endocrine therapy [Table 2]). The regimens used in 75 (64.1%) patients who received adjuvant chemotherapy mostly included Taxotere and Cyclophosphamide, which were used in 49 (65.3%) patients, while other regimens included Doxorubicin and Cyclophosphamide in 16 (21.3%) patients; followed by Trastuzumab in human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 positive patients; 5-FU, Doxorubicin, and Cyclophosphamide in 2 (2.7%) patients; 5-FU, Epirubicin, and Cyclophosphamide (FEC100) in 3 (4.0%) patients; and Docetaxel, Carboplatin, and Trastuzumab in 5 (6.7%) patients. All the patients completed their treatment regimens as mentioned in the medical records, but no information on the adequacy of the regimen was recorded. Of those patients (42 patients) who did not undergo adjuvant treatment, 1 (2.4%) had stage III disease, and 11 (26.3%) had stage II disease. Thirty-nine (61.9%) patients with stage II disease received adjuvant chemotherapy treatment, and 9 (40.9%) patients with stage III disease received neoadjuvant chemotherapy treatment. During the follow-up period, 11 (9.4%) patients had locoregional recurrence, while only 10 (8.5%) had distant recurrence; there were only 6 (5.1%) deaths according to the hospital death certificate data.
Patient and tumor characteristics.
Chi-square analysis showed that nationality had no significant impact on recurrence, although non-Saudi patients tended toward a higher percentage of recurrence (22%). Luminal-A molecular subtype, nodal status, TNM staging, type of surgery, and chemotherapy, did not show any statistically significant effect on recurrence rate. Overall survival was not analyzed, given the small number of deaths overall and in the different subgroups.
A Cox regression analysis was carried out to assess the impact of our variables on the participant’s survival status. Univariate analysis showed that the use of adjuvant chemotherapy was associated with a better DFS (hazard ratio of 0.204; 95% confidence interval, 0.050 to 0.832; p=0.027). Diagnostic age, tumor size, nodal status, molecular subtype, and type of surgery showed no association with DFS or OS. (Table 3).
Univariate analysis (by Cox regression) of disease-free survival and overall survival.
The Kaplan-Meier 5-year survival estimate for DFS was 57% and 89% for OS (Figures 1 & 2). The Kaplan-Meier estimates for DFS of patients was stage I was 54%, stage II 54%, and stage III was 42%. Disease-free survival was significantly worse for patients with higher TNM stage (p=0.034) (Figure 3). No significant difference was found in DFS with regards to the tumor size, ethnicity, and type of surgery on OS. There was no significant difference between the various groups, including nationality, type of surgery, and TNM stage. The non-parametric median test showed that fewer postoperative follow-up visits significantly predicted recurrence (p=0.003) test showed that fewer postoperative follow-up visits significantly predicted recurrence (p=0.003).
Kaplan-Meier estimate for disease-free survival (recurrence).
Kaplan-Meier estimate for overall survival.
Kaplan-Meier estimate stratified by tumor, node, metastasis of desease-free survival (recurrence) (log-rank test, p=0.034).
Discussion
Young-age BC (40 years of age and under) was more severe and has a poorer result than older age groups.22-25 Making it a study group of major importance. Thus, we looked at patient tumor characteristics in this study, aiming to find an understanding of which factors affect survival and recurrence rates.
We found a 5-year rate of 89% OS and 57% rate of DFS. A study from the United States by Plichta et al20 reported that both 5-year OS and 5-year DFS to be 93%. While Slaoui et al26 from Morocco, reported a 64.6% 5-year DFS without addressing a figure for OS. Following-up on OS rates, we found that the study by Kallel et al,27 from southern Tunisia reported an OS of 75.2% in their institute. Narrowing down our field of view, we found studies to compare with across the Kingdom; the first of which is the study by Elkum et al28 conducted in the central part of Saudi Arabia, which reported a 5-year DFS of 77%. While the study by Rudat et al29 conducted in the eastern part of Saudi Arabia, analyzed patients of all ages and reported a 2-year locoregional failure-free survival of 86%. Both studies did not specify the younger age group in reporting survival and recurrence rates, but both concluded that young age was an independent BC recurrence risk factor.28,29 In contrast, we found a relatively low DFS, which could be due to lack of adherence to adjuvant treatment and postoperative follow-up, as we frequently encounter misconceptions related to adjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Furthermore, we found that fewer postoperative follow-up visits correlated with a higher risk of recurrence, thus negatively affecting DFS.
Additionally, despite patient beliefs on mastectomy as the better choice of treatment in preventing future recurrences versus lumpectomy,15,16 in our study, we did not detect a difference in OS or DFS when comparing lumpectomy and mastectomy outcomes. This finding is consistent with recent studies, most of which only mention the benefit of radiotherapy after lumpectomy procedures.30-33 The TNM stage in our sample was a significant predictor of DFS, and Wang et al34 reported an identical finding suggesting that higher the TNM stage, the worse the DFS. On the contrary, Plichta et al20 reported no association between DFS and TNM staging.One of the most important factors we investigated was the molecular subtype of the disease, which had no relation with survival in our population; these findings confirmed the conclusion of a study performed at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville, USA, which states that carcinoma subtype is not predictive of survival.35
Study limitations
Due to resource constraints, we included only a single center and focused on previously diagnosed cases; thus, the recruited sample was relatively small. Another limitation was the short follow-up time due to the lack of patient knowledge of its significance. Lastly, the scarcity of previous studies on the topic in our country. Nevertheless, in this study, we analyzed data from a tertiary care center and exclusively investigated a young age group with BC, hoping that our study helps in setting screening guidelines suitable for the population in Saudi Arabia.
In conclusion, we found high risk of recurrence at our institution. Higher cancer stage, the nonuse of adjuvant chemotherapy, and low follow-up rate were significant predictive factors for recurrence. Furthermore, no postoperative difference in survival was found between mastectomy and lumpectomy.
Copyright
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Acknowledgment
We want to thank Editage (www.editage.com) for the English language editing.
Footnotes
Disclosure. Authors have no conflict of interests, and the work was not supported or funded by any drug company.
- Received September 9, 2019.
- Accepted February 3, 2020.
- Copyright: © Saudi Medical Journal
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 Unported, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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