Frequency and factors associated with inadequate self-care behaviors in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Najran, Saudi Arabia: Based on diabetes self-management questionnaire

Awad M. Al-Qahtani

doi:10.15537/smj.2020.9.25339

References

↵
International Diabetes Federation Prevalence of diabetes in Saudi Arabia, cited 2020 March 5. Available from: https://idf.org/our-network/regions-members/middle-east-and-north-africa/members/46-saudi-arabia.html.
↵
1. World Health Organization
(2016) WHO mortality database (World Health Organization, Geneva (SW)) Available from: https://apps.who.int/healthinfo/statistics/mortality/whodpms/.
↵
1. International Diabetes Federation
IDF Diabetes Atlas, cited 2019. Available from: https://www.diabetesatlas.org. 9th ed.
↵
1. Alhowaish AK
(2013) Economic costs of diabetes in Saudi Arabia. J Family Community Med 20:1–7.
OpenUrl
↵
1. Ishak NH,
2. Mohd Yusoff SS,
3. Rahman RA,
4. Kadir AA
(2017) Diabetes self-care and its associated factors among elderly diabetes in primary care. J Taibah Univ Med Sc 12:504–511.
OpenUrl
↵
1. Ahmed Z,
2. Yeasmeen F
(2016) Active family participation in diabetes self-care:a commentary. Diabetes Manag 6:104–107.
OpenUrl
↵
1. Schmitt A,
2. Reimer A,
3. Hermanns N,
4. Huber J,
5. Ehrmann D,
6. Schall S,
7. et al.
(2016) Assessing diabetes self-management with the diabetes self-management questionnaire (DSMQ) can help analyse behavioural problems related to reduced glycaemic control. PLoS One 11:e0150774.
OpenUrl
↵
1. Tiruneh SA,
2. Ayele AA,
3. Emiru YK,
4. Tegegn HG,
5. Ayele BA,
6. Engidaw MT,
7. et al.
(2019) Factors influencing diabetes self-care practice among type 2 diabetes patients attending diabetic care follow up at an Ethiopian General Hospital 2018. J Diabetes Metab Disord 18:199–206.
OpenUrl
↵
1. Schmitt A,
2. Gahr A,
3. Hermanns N,
4. Kulzer B,
5. Huber J,
6. Haak T
(2013) The Diabetes Self-Management Questionnaire (DSMQ):development and evaluation of an instrument to assess diabetes self-care activities associated with glycaemic control. Health Qual Life Outcomes 11:138.
OpenUrl CrossRef PubMed
↵
1. Al Johani KA,
2. Kendall GE,
3. Snider PD
(2015) Self-management practices among type 2 diabetes patients attending primary health-care centres in Medina, Saudi Arabia. East Mediterr Health J 21:621–628.
OpenUrl
↵
1. Al-Khaledi M,
2. Al-Dousari H,
3. Al-Dhufairi S,
4. Al-Mousawi T,
5. Al-Azemi R,
6. Al-Azimi F,
7. et al.
(2018) Diabetes self-management:a key to better health-related quality of life in patients with diabetes. Med Princ Pract 27:323–331.
OpenUrl
↵
1. AlShareef SM,
2. AlWabel AA,
3. AlKhathlan MA,
4. AlKhazi AA,
5. AlMaarik AK,
6. AlGarni AM,
7. et al.
(2017) Glycemic control in diabetic patients in Saudi Arabia:The role of knowledge and self-management - A cross-sectional study. Glob J Health Sci 9:25–31.
OpenUrl
↵
1. Alvarado-Martel D,
2. Fernandez MA,
3. Vigaray MC,
4. Carrillo A,
5. Boronat M,
6. Montesdeoca AE,
7. et al.
(2019) Identification of psychological factors associated with adherence to self-care behaviors amongst patients with type 1 diabetes. J Diabetes Res 2019:6271591.
OpenUrl
↵
1. Bukhsh A,
2. Lee SWH,
3. Pusparajah P,
4. Schmitt A,
5. Khan TM
(2017) Psychometric properties of the Diabetes Self-Management Questionnaire (DSMQ) in Urdu. Health Qual Life Outcomes 15:200.
OpenUrl
↵
1. Hilliard ME,
2. Powell PW,
3. Anderson BJ
(2016) Evidence-based behavioral interventions to promote diabetes management in children, adolescents, and families. Am Psychol 71:590–601.
OpenUrl
↵
1. Schmitt A,
2. Reimer A,
3. Hermanns N,
4. Huber J,
5. Ehrmann D,
6. Schall S,
7. et al.
(2016) Assessing Diabetes Self-Management with the Diabetes Self-Management Questionnaire (DSMQ) can help analyse behavioural problems related to reduced glycaemic control. PLoS One 11:e0150774.
OpenUrl
↵
1. Bukhsh A,
2. Khan TM,
3. Nawaz MS,
4. Ahmed HS,
5. Chan KG,
6. Lee LH,
7. et al.
(2018) Association of diabetes-related self-care activities with glycemic control of patients with type 2 diabetes in Pakistan. Patient Prefer Adherence 12:2377–2385.
OpenUrl
↵
1. American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes-2016. Abridged for primary care providers
(2016) Clin Diabetes 34:3–21.
OpenUrl FREE Full Text
↵
1. Schmitt A,
2. Hermanns N,
3. Kulzer B,
4. Reimer A,
5. Schall S,
6. Haak T
(2014) The Diabetes Self-Management Questionnaire (DSMQ) can detect inadequate self-care behaviour and help identify patients at risk of a negative diabetes prognosis. 50th EASD Annual Meeting; 2014 Sep 15-19;Vienna, Austria. Diabetologia 57(Suppl 1):1041.
OpenUrl
↵
1. Alrahbi H
(2014) Diabetes self-management (DSM) in Omani with type-2 diabetes. Int J Nur Sci 1:352–359.
OpenUrl
↵
1. American Diabetes Association (ADA) Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2020
(2020) Diabetes Care 43(Supplement 1):S1–S2.
OpenUrl FREE Full Text
↵
1. World Health Organization. Obesity:preventing and managing the global epidemic
(2000) Report of a WHO consultation on obesity (World Health Organization, Geneva (SW)), pp 1–253.
↵
1. Nejaddadgar N,
2. Solhi M,
3. Jegarghosheh S,
4. Abolfathi M,
5. Ashtarian H
(2017) Self-care and related factors in patients with type 2 diabetes. Asian J Biomed Pharm Sci 7:6–10.
OpenUrl
↵
1. Totesora D,
2. Ramos-Rivera MI,
3. Villegas-Florencio MQ,
4. Reyes-Sia PN
(2019) Association of Diabetes-related emotional distress with diabetes self-care and glycemic control among adult patients with type 2 diabetes at a tertiary hospital in Manila, Philippines. J ASEAN Fed Endocr Soc 34:189–196.
OpenUrl
↵
1. Ang JY,
2. Leo JS,
3. George D,
4. Chan HK
(2018) Inadequate Self-Care Behaviors among Malaysian Diabetic Patients:The Need for Action by Hospital Pharmacists. J Pharm Pract Community Med 4:51–54.
OpenUrl
↵
1. Bukhsh A,
2. Khan TM,
3. Nawaz MS,
4. Ahmed HS,
5. Chan KG,
6. Goh BH
(2019) Association of diabetes knowledge with glycemic control and self-care practices among Pakistani people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 12:1409–1417.
OpenUrl
↵
1. Wade T,
2. Fahey O,
3. Vanmieghem M,
4. Vivian E
(2019) Self-care behaviours of food-insecure persons with diabetes. Health Edu Care 4:1–4.
OpenUrl
↵
1. Al-Shayban DM
(2017) Using the Diabetes Self-Management Questionnaire (DSMQ) to assess diabetes self-care activities for diabetes patients in King Fahad University Hospital-Saudi Arabia. Value in Health 20:A482–A483.
OpenUrl
↵
1. Kakade AA,
2. Mohanty IR,
3. Rai S
(2018) Assessment of factors associated with poor glycemic control among patients with type II diabetes mellitus. Integr Obes Diabetes 4:1–6.
OpenUrl
↵
1. Almutairi KM
(2015) Quality of diabetes management in Saudi Arabia:a review of existing barriers. Arch Iran Med 18:816–821.
OpenUrl
↵
1. Edelman SV
(2017) Taking control of your diabetes:An innovative approach to improving diabetes care through educating, motivating, and making the connection between patients and health care providers. Clin Diabetes 35:333–339.
OpenUrl FREE Full Text
↵
1. Department of Health Survey UK
Supporting people with long-term conditions to self-care:A guide to developing local strategies and good practice, cited 2006. Available from: http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130107105354/http:/www.dh.gov.uk/prod_consum_dh/groups/dh_digitalassets/@dh/@en/documents/digitalasset/dh_4130868.pdf.
↵
1. Williamson AE,
2. Ellis DA,
3. Wilson P,
4. McQueenie R,
5. McConnachie A
(2017) Understanding repeated non-attendance in health services:a pilot analysis of administrative data and full study protocol for a national retrospective cohort. BMJ Open 7:e014120.
OpenUrl CrossRef PubMed
↵
1. Al-Hamad Z
(2013) Reasons for missing appointments in general clinics of primary health care centre in Riyadh military hospital, Saudi Arabia. Int J Med Sci Public Health 2:258–267.
OpenUrl
↵
1. Adu MD,
2. Malabu UH,
3. Malau-Aduli AEO,
4. Malau-Aduli BS
(2019) Enablers and barriers to effective diabetes self-management:A multi-national investigation. PLoS One 14:e0217771.
OpenUrl
↵
1. Jackson IL,
2. Adibe MO,
3. Okonta MJ,
4. Ukwe CV
(2014) Knowledge of self-care among type 2 diabetes patients in two states of Nigeria. Pharmacy Practice 12:404.
OpenUrl
↵
1. Eid LP,
2. Leopoldino SAD,
3. Ollerm GASAO,
4. Pompero DA,
5. Martins MA,
6. Gueroni LPB
(2018) Factors related to self-care activities of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Esc Anna Nery 22:e20180046.
OpenUrl

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Keywords

[1] ↵
International Diabetes Federation Prevalence of diabetes in Saudi Arabia, cited 2020 March 5. Available from: https://idf.org/our-network/regions-members/middle-east-and-north-africa/members/46-saudi-arabia.html.

[2] ↵
World Health Organization
(2016) WHO mortality database (World Health Organization, Geneva (SW)) Available from: https://apps.who.int/healthinfo/statistics/mortality/whodpms/.

[3] World Health Organization

[4] ↵
International Diabetes Federation
IDF Diabetes Atlas, cited 2019. Available from: https://www.diabetesatlas.org. 9th ed.

[5] International Diabetes Federation

[6] ↵
Alhowaish AK
(2013) Economic costs of diabetes in Saudi Arabia. J Family Community Med 20:1–7.
OpenUrl

[7] Alhowaish AK

[8] ↵
Ishak NH,
Mohd Yusoff SS,
Rahman RA,
Kadir AA
(2017) Diabetes self-care and its associated factors among elderly diabetes in primary care. J Taibah Univ Med Sc 12:504–511.
OpenUrl

[9] Ishak NH,

[10] Mohd Yusoff SS,

[11] Rahman RA,

[12] Kadir AA

[13] ↵
Ahmed Z,
Yeasmeen F
(2016) Active family participation in diabetes self-care:a commentary. Diabetes Manag 6:104–107.
OpenUrl

[14] Ahmed Z,

[15] Yeasmeen F

[16] ↵
Schmitt A,
Reimer A,
Hermanns N,
Huber J,
Ehrmann D,
Schall S,
et al.
(2016) Assessing diabetes self-management with the diabetes self-management questionnaire (DSMQ) can help analyse behavioural problems related to reduced glycaemic control. PLoS One 11:e0150774.
OpenUrl

[17] Schmitt A,

[18] Reimer A,

[19] Hermanns N,

[20] Huber J,

[21] Ehrmann D,

[22] Schall S,

[23] et al.

[24] ↵
Tiruneh SA,
Ayele AA,
Emiru YK,
Tegegn HG,
Ayele BA,
Engidaw MT,
et al.
(2019) Factors influencing diabetes self-care practice among type 2 diabetes patients attending diabetic care follow up at an Ethiopian General Hospital 2018. J Diabetes Metab Disord 18:199–206.
OpenUrl

[25] Tiruneh SA,

[26] Ayele AA,

[27] Emiru YK,

[28] Tegegn HG,

[29] Ayele BA,

[30] Engidaw MT,

[31] et al.

[32] ↵
Schmitt A,
Gahr A,
Hermanns N,
Kulzer B,
Huber J,
Haak T
(2013) The Diabetes Self-Management Questionnaire (DSMQ):development and evaluation of an instrument to assess diabetes self-care activities associated with glycaemic control. Health Qual Life Outcomes 11:138.
OpenUrl CrossRef PubMed

[33] Schmitt A,

[34] Gahr A,

[35] Hermanns N,

[36] Kulzer B,

[37] Huber J,

[38] Haak T

[39] ↵
Al Johani KA,
Kendall GE,
Snider PD
(2015) Self-management practices among type 2 diabetes patients attending primary health-care centres in Medina, Saudi Arabia. East Mediterr Health J 21:621–628.
OpenUrl

[40] Al Johani KA,

[41] Kendall GE,

[42] Snider PD

[43] ↵
Al-Khaledi M,
Al-Dousari H,
Al-Dhufairi S,
Al-Mousawi T,
Al-Azemi R,
Al-Azimi F,
et al.
(2018) Diabetes self-management:a key to better health-related quality of life in patients with diabetes. Med Princ Pract 27:323–331.
OpenUrl

[44] Al-Khaledi M,

[45] Al-Dousari H,

[46] Al-Dhufairi S,

[47] Al-Mousawi T,

[48] Al-Azemi R,

[49] Al-Azimi F,

[50] et al.

[51] ↵
AlShareef SM,
AlWabel AA,
AlKhathlan MA,
AlKhazi AA,
AlMaarik AK,
AlGarni AM,
et al.
(2017) Glycemic control in diabetic patients in Saudi Arabia:The role of knowledge and self-management - A cross-sectional study. Glob J Health Sci 9:25–31.
OpenUrl

[52] AlShareef SM,

[53] AlWabel AA,

[54] AlKhathlan MA,

[55] AlKhazi AA,

[56] AlMaarik AK,

[57] AlGarni AM,

[58] et al.

[59] ↵
Alvarado-Martel D,
Fernandez MA,
Vigaray MC,
Carrillo A,
Boronat M,
Montesdeoca AE,
et al.
(2019) Identification of psychological factors associated with adherence to self-care behaviors amongst patients with type 1 diabetes. J Diabetes Res 2019:6271591.
OpenUrl

[60] Alvarado-Martel D,

[61] Fernandez MA,

[62] Vigaray MC,

[63] Carrillo A,

[64] Boronat M,

[65] Montesdeoca AE,

[66] et al.

[67] ↵
Bukhsh A,
Lee SWH,
Pusparajah P,
Schmitt A,
Khan TM
(2017) Psychometric properties of the Diabetes Self-Management Questionnaire (DSMQ) in Urdu. Health Qual Life Outcomes 15:200.
OpenUrl

[68] Bukhsh A,

[69] Lee SWH,

[70] Pusparajah P,

[71] Schmitt A,

[72] Khan TM

[73] ↵
Hilliard ME,
Powell PW,
Anderson BJ
(2016) Evidence-based behavioral interventions to promote diabetes management in children, adolescents, and families. Am Psychol 71:590–601.
OpenUrl

[74] Hilliard ME,

[75] Powell PW,

[76] Anderson BJ

[77] ↵
Schmitt A,
Reimer A,
Hermanns N,
Huber J,
Ehrmann D,
Schall S,
et al.
(2016) Assessing Diabetes Self-Management with the Diabetes Self-Management Questionnaire (DSMQ) can help analyse behavioural problems related to reduced glycaemic control. PLoS One 11:e0150774.
OpenUrl

[78] Schmitt A,

[79] Reimer A,

[80] Hermanns N,

[81] Huber J,

[82] Ehrmann D,

[83] Schall S,

[84] et al.

[85] ↵
Bukhsh A,
Khan TM,
Nawaz MS,
Ahmed HS,
Chan KG,
Lee LH,
et al.
(2018) Association of diabetes-related self-care activities with glycemic control of patients with type 2 diabetes in Pakistan. Patient Prefer Adherence 12:2377–2385.
OpenUrl

[86] Bukhsh A,

[87] Khan TM,

[88] Nawaz MS,

[89] Ahmed HS,

[90] Chan KG,

[91] Lee LH,

[92] et al.

[93] ↵
American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes-2016. Abridged for primary care providers
(2016) Clin Diabetes 34:3–21.
OpenUrl FREE Full Text

[94] American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes-2016. Abridged for primary care providers

[95] ↵
Schmitt A,
Hermanns N,
Kulzer B,
Reimer A,
Schall S,
Haak T
(2014) The Diabetes Self-Management Questionnaire (DSMQ) can detect inadequate self-care behaviour and help identify patients at risk of a negative diabetes prognosis. 50th EASD Annual Meeting; 2014 Sep 15-19;Vienna, Austria. Diabetologia 57(Suppl 1):1041.
OpenUrl

[96] Schmitt A,

[97] Hermanns N,

[98] Kulzer B,

[99] Reimer A,

[100] Schall S,

[101] Haak T

[102] ↵
Alrahbi H
(2014) Diabetes self-management (DSM) in Omani with type-2 diabetes. Int J Nur Sci 1:352–359.
OpenUrl

[103] Alrahbi H

[104] ↵
American Diabetes Association (ADA) Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2020
(2020) Diabetes Care 43(Supplement 1):S1–S2.
OpenUrl FREE Full Text

[105] American Diabetes Association (ADA) Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2020

[106] ↵
World Health Organization. Obesity:preventing and managing the global epidemic
(2000) Report of a WHO consultation on obesity (World Health Organization, Geneva (SW)), pp 1–253.

[107] World Health Organization. Obesity:preventing and managing the global epidemic

[108] ↵
Nejaddadgar N,
Solhi M,
Jegarghosheh S,
Abolfathi M,
Ashtarian H
(2017) Self-care and related factors in patients with type 2 diabetes. Asian J Biomed Pharm Sci 7:6–10.
OpenUrl

[109] Nejaddadgar N,

[110] Solhi M,

[111] Jegarghosheh S,

[112] Abolfathi M,

[113] Ashtarian H

[114] ↵
Totesora D,
Ramos-Rivera MI,
Villegas-Florencio MQ,
Reyes-Sia PN
(2019) Association of Diabetes-related emotional distress with diabetes self-care and glycemic control among adult patients with type 2 diabetes at a tertiary hospital in Manila, Philippines. J ASEAN Fed Endocr Soc 34:189–196.
OpenUrl

[115] Totesora D,

[116] Ramos-Rivera MI,

[117] Villegas-Florencio MQ,

[118] Reyes-Sia PN

[119] ↵
Ang JY,
Leo JS,
George D,
Chan HK
(2018) Inadequate Self-Care Behaviors among Malaysian Diabetic Patients:The Need for Action by Hospital Pharmacists. J Pharm Pract Community Med 4:51–54.
OpenUrl

[120] Ang JY,

[121] Leo JS,

[122] George D,

[123] Chan HK

[124] ↵
Bukhsh A,
Khan TM,
Nawaz MS,
Ahmed HS,
Chan KG,
Goh BH
(2019) Association of diabetes knowledge with glycemic control and self-care practices among Pakistani people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 12:1409–1417.
OpenUrl

[125] Bukhsh A,

[126] Khan TM,

[127] Nawaz MS,

[128] Ahmed HS,

[129] Chan KG,

[130] Goh BH

[131] ↵
Wade T,
Fahey O,
Vanmieghem M,
Vivian E
(2019) Self-care behaviours of food-insecure persons with diabetes. Health Edu Care 4:1–4.
OpenUrl

[132] Wade T,

[133] Fahey O,

[134] Vanmieghem M,

[135] Vivian E

[136] ↵
Al-Shayban DM
(2017) Using the Diabetes Self-Management Questionnaire (DSMQ) to assess diabetes self-care activities for diabetes patients in King Fahad University Hospital-Saudi Arabia. Value in Health 20:A482–A483.
OpenUrl

[137] Al-Shayban DM

[138] ↵
Kakade AA,
Mohanty IR,
Rai S
(2018) Assessment of factors associated with poor glycemic control among patients with type II diabetes mellitus. Integr Obes Diabetes 4:1–6.
OpenUrl

[139] Kakade AA,

[140] Mohanty IR,

[141] Rai S

[142] ↵
Almutairi KM
(2015) Quality of diabetes management in Saudi Arabia:a review of existing barriers. Arch Iran Med 18:816–821.
OpenUrl

[143] Almutairi KM

[144] ↵
Edelman SV
(2017) Taking control of your diabetes:An innovative approach to improving diabetes care through educating, motivating, and making the connection between patients and health care providers. Clin Diabetes 35:333–339.
OpenUrl FREE Full Text

[145] Edelman SV

[146] ↵
Department of Health Survey UK
Supporting people with long-term conditions to self-care:A guide to developing local strategies and good practice, cited 2006. Available from: http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130107105354/http:/www.dh.gov.uk/prod_consum_dh/groups/dh_digitalassets/@dh/@en/documents/digitalasset/dh_4130868.pdf.

[147] Department of Health Survey UK

[148] ↵
Williamson AE,
Ellis DA,
Wilson P,
McQueenie R,
McConnachie A
(2017) Understanding repeated non-attendance in health services:a pilot analysis of administrative data and full study protocol for a national retrospective cohort. BMJ Open 7:e014120.
OpenUrl CrossRef PubMed

[149] Williamson AE,

[150] Ellis DA,

[151] Wilson P,

[152] McQueenie R,

[153] McConnachie A

[154] ↵
Al-Hamad Z
(2013) Reasons for missing appointments in general clinics of primary health care centre in Riyadh military hospital, Saudi Arabia. Int J Med Sci Public Health 2:258–267.
OpenUrl

[155] Al-Hamad Z

[156] ↵
Adu MD,
Malabu UH,
Malau-Aduli AEO,
Malau-Aduli BS
(2019) Enablers and barriers to effective diabetes self-management:A multi-national investigation. PLoS One 14:e0217771.
OpenUrl

[157] Adu MD,

[158] Malabu UH,

[159] Malau-Aduli AEO,

[160] Malau-Aduli BS

[161] ↵
Jackson IL,
Adibe MO,
Okonta MJ,
Ukwe CV
(2014) Knowledge of self-care among type 2 diabetes patients in two states of Nigeria. Pharmacy Practice 12:404.
OpenUrl

[162] Jackson IL,

[163] Adibe MO,

[164] Okonta MJ,

[165] Ukwe CV

[166] ↵
Eid LP,
Leopoldino SAD,
Ollerm GASAO,
Pompero DA,
Martins MA,
Gueroni LPB
(2018) Factors related to self-care activities of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Esc Anna Nery 22:e20180046.
OpenUrl

[167] Eid LP,

[168] Leopoldino SAD,

[169] Ollerm GASAO,

[170] Pompero DA,

[171] Martins MA,

[172] Gueroni LPB

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Frequency and factors associated with inadequate self-care behaviors in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Najran, Saudi Arabia

Based on diabetes self-management questionnaire

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Frequency and factors associated with inadequate self-care behaviors in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Najran, Saudi Arabia

Based on diabetes self-management questionnaire

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