Association between glycemic control and shift working among healthcare workers with diabetes, Dammam, Saudi Arabia: Five years’ experience

Mona A. Albishri; Danah M. Alsubaie; Hassan A. Abugad; Moataza M. Abdel Wahab

doi:10.15537/smj.2021.42.12.20210416

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Table 1

- Descriptive statistics for respondents’ work type and glycemic control according to sociodemographic, diabetes related questions, self-management activities, sleep and diet.

Characteristics	Shift work (n=221)	Daytime work (n=149)	Total	Test of sig.	P-value	HbA1c %			Test of sig.	P-value
		Daytime work (n=149)				Controlled		Uncontrolled
		n (%)				n (%)
Age, mean±SD	42.1±7.3	42.4±7.7		t-test= 0.406	0.685	42.7±7.2	41.7±7.6		t-test= 1.3	0.190
Gender
Male	114 (51.6)	83 (55.7)	197 (53.2)	x²= 0.607	0.436	100 (50.8)	97 (49.2)		x²=0.125	0.724
Female	107 (48.4)	66 (44.3)	173 (46.8)	x²= 0.607	0.436	91 (52.6)	82 (47.4)		x²=0.125	0.724
Occupation
Doctor	19 (8.6)	11 (7.4)	30 (8.1)	x²= 47.58	0.001	17 (56.7)	13 (43.3)		x²= 4.99	0.172
Nurse	124 (56.1)	44 (29.5)	168 (45.4)			78 (46.4)	90 (53.6)
Technician	41 (18.6)	20 (13.4)	61 (16.4)			30 (49.2)	31 (50.8)
Other	37 (16.7)	74 (49.7)	111 (30)			66 (59.5)	45 (40.5)
Marital status
Single	53 (24)	25 (16.9)	78 (21.1)	x²= 2.779	0.249	32 (41)	46 (59)		x²= 5.149	0.076
Married	140 (63.3)	103 (69.1)	243 (65.7)			135 (55.6)	108 (44.4)
Other	28 (12.7)	21 (14.1)	49 (13.2)			42 (49)	25 (51)
BMI category
18-24.99	17 (7.7)	16 (10.7)	33 (8.9)	x²= 8.29	0.016	27 (81.8)	6 (18.2)		x²= 27.9	0.001
25-29.99	111 (50.2)	92 (60.7)	203 (54.8)			116 (57.1)	87 (42.9)
>30	93 (42.1)	41 (27.5)	134 (36.2)			48 (35.8)	86 (64.2)
Smoking
Yes	63 (28.7)	52 (34.9)	115 (31.1)	x²= 1.97	0.162	57 (50)	57 (50)		x²= 0.173	0.677
No	158 (71.3)	97 (65.1)	255 (68.9)	x²= 1.97	0.162	134 (52.3)	122 (47.7)		x²= 0.173	0.677
Physical activity per week
>150 min	42 (19)	55(36.9)	97 (26.2)	x²= 16.27	0.001	69 (71.1)	28 (28.9)		x²= 24.7	0.001
<150 min	98 (44.3)	59 (39.6)	157 (42.4)			79 (50.3)	78 (49.7)
None	81 (36.7)	35 (23.5)	116 (31.3)			43 (37.1)	73 (62.9)
Missing regular routine visits in diabetes clinic
Yes	62 (28.1)	19 (12.8)	81 (21.8)	x²= 16.6	0.001	32 (39.5)	49 (60.5)		x²= 12.55	0.002
No	52 (23.5)	58 (38.9)	110 (29.7)			71 (64.5)	39 (35.5)
Sometimes	107 (48.4)	72 (48.3)	179 (48.3)			88 (49.2)	91 (50.8)
Night sleeping hours
<7 hours	166 (75.1)	94 (63.1)	260 (70.2)	x²= 25.22	0.001	125 (48.1)	135 (51.9)		x²= 6.05	0.049
7-9 hours	30 (13.6)	50 (33.6)	80 (21.6)			51 (63.8)	29 (36.2)
>9 hours	25 (11.3)	5 (3.4)	30 (8.1)			15 (50)	15 (50)
Sleep quality
Good	111 (50.2)	104 (69.8)	215 (58.1)	x²= 14.25	0.001	136 (63.3)	79 (36.7)		x²= 27.8	0.001
Bad	110 (49.8)	45 (30.2)	155 (41.8)	x²= 14.25	0.001	55 (35.5)	100 (64.5)		x²= 27.8	0.001
Diet
Healthy	50 (22.6)	78 (52.3)	128 (34.5)	x²= 37.15	0.001	108 (84.4)	20 (15.6)		x²= 112.5	0.001
Less healthy	114 (51.6)	55 (36.9)	169 (45.6)			77 (45.6)	92 (54.5)
Unhealthy	57 (25.8)	16 (10.7)	73 (19.7)			6 (8.2)	67 (91.6)

sig: significant, HbA1c: hemoglobin A1C, SD: standard deviation, BMI: body mass index, min: minutes

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Table 2

- Multiple regression analysis of variables controlling diabetes.

Variables	B	S.E.	Wald	Df	Sig.	Adj OR	95% CI for adj OR
Variables	B	S.E.	Wald	Df	Sig.	Adj OR	Lower	Upper
Working in shifts	3.131	0.571	30.032	1	>0.001	22.888	7.471	70.126
Psychiatry (ref)			49.967	2	>0.001
DMC	3.776	0.635	35.327	1	>0.001	43.645	12.565	151.606
MCH	2.692	0.430	39.154	1	>0.001	14.760	6.352	34.300
Healthy diet (ref)			48.079	2	>0.001
Less healthy diet	1.849	0.354	27.251	1	>0.001	6.353	3.173	12.719
Unhealthy diet	3.783	0.578	42.828	1	>0.001	43.953	14.156	136.475
BMI	0.122	0.051	5.774	1	0.016	1.130	1.023	1.248
Constant	-8.324	1.827	20.760	1	>0.001	0.000

B: coefficient, S.E: standard error, Wald: Wald test, Df: degrees of freedom, Ref: reference, Sig: significant, Adj: adjust, OR: odd ratio, CI: confidence interval, DMC: Dammam Medical Complex, MCH: Maternity and Children Hospital, BMI: body mass index