Association between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and Helicobacter pylori infection in Dali City, China

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Figure 1
- Flowchart of study population selection flowchart. NAFLD: nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, H. pylori: Helicobacter pylori
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Figure 2
- Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection rates in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) individuals categorized by A) total cholesterol (TC) and B) low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C).

Table 1

- Comparison of study participants demographics and biochemical profiles between cgroup and non-NAFLD group.

Demographics and biochemical profiles	NAFLD group (n=529)	Non-NAFLD group (n=656)	t/χ²	P-value
Gender, male, N (%)	362 (68.4)	416 (63.4)	3.268	0.071
Helicobacter pylori (+), N (%)	230 (43.5)	234 (35.7)	7.285	0.007
Carotid plaque (+), N (%)	104 (19.7)	63 (9.6)	24.461	0.000
Age (years)	43.50±9.94	40.90±11.28	-4.211	0.000
Body mass index (kg/m²)	26.83±3.48	23.02±3.12	-19.594	0.000
Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg)	125.42±16.81	117.34±15.56	-8.573	0.000
Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg)	81.75±11.98	76.12±10.76	-8.421	0.000
Total cholesterol (mmol/L)	5.36±1.34	4.98±0.94	-6.276	0.000
Triglyceride (mmol/L)	2.43±1.57	1.31±0.82	-11.562	0.000
HDL-C (mmol/L)	1.22±0.34	1.44±0.42	9.866	0.000
LDL-C (mmol/L)	3.15±0.89	2.92±0.78	-4.490	0.000
Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L)	5.19±1.62	4.69±1.20	-6.016	0.000
Alanine aminotransferase (U/L)	32.50±9.12	20.82±10.91	-11.810	0.000
Aspartate aminotransferase (U/L)	26.15±6.28	20.40±4.14	-5.107	0.000
Albumin (g/L)	47.58±3.11	47.26±3.61	-1.573	0.116

LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol

Table 2

- Univariate regression analysis for risk factors associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).

Risk Factors	ß	S.E.	Wald	P-value	Odds ratio	95% Confidence intervals
Helicobacter pylori	0.30	0.14	4.38	0.036	1.35	1.02~1.79
Age	0.01	0.01	3.03	0.043	1.01	0.99~1.03
Carotid plaque	0.37	0.21	2.30	0.014	1.45	0.95~2.21
Alanine aminotransferase (U/L)	0.02	0.01	17.81	0.000	1.02	1.01~1.03
Aspartate aminotransferase (U/L)	0.03	0.01	9.31	0.002	1.95	1.90~2.00
Uric acid	0.00	0.00	2.46	0.001	1.03	1.02~1.04
Body mass index (kg/m²)	1.48	0.15	102.19	0.000	4.38	3.29~5.84
Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L)	0.83	0.28	8.53	0.003	2.29	1.31~3.40
Total cholesterol (mmol/L)	-0.14	0.19	0.52	0.040	2.78	2.54~3.72
Triglyceride (mmol/L)	0.85	0.15	30.83	0.000	2.33	1.73~3.14
HDL-C	-0.27	0.20	1.90	0.168	0.76	0.52~1.12
LDL-C	0.32	0.20	2.56	0.000	2.83	2.35~3.34
Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg)	0.06	0.23	0.06	0.800	1.06	0.68~1.66
Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg)	0.55	0.20	7.56	0.006	1.73	1.17~2.56

Table 3

- Multivariate logistic regression analysis for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) after adjusting effects of confounders.

Multivariate logistic regression analysis	ß	S. E.	Wald test	P-value	Odds ratio	95% Confidence intervals
Model 1	0.32	0.12	7.27	0.007	1.38	1.09~1.75
Model 2	0.28	0.12	5.40	0.020	1.33	1.05~1.68
Model 3	0.35	0.13	7.14	0.008	1.42	1.10~1.83
Model 4	0.30	0.14	4.38	0.036	1.35	1.02~1.79

Model 1 included only Helicobacter pylori infection. Age and carotid plaque status were added to Model 2. Model 3 was Model 2 with further adjustment for alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and uric acid levels. Finally, more potential indicators and confounders, including fasting plasma glucose, total cholesterol, triglyceride, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and body mass index were added to Model 4

Table 4

- Effect of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection on metabolic syndrome indicators in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) individuals.

Biochemical profiles	H. pylori (+) (n=230)	H. pylori (-)(n=299)	t/U	P-value
Total cholesterol (mmol/L)	5.24±1.10	5.09±1.02	-2.47	0.014
Triglyceride (mmol/L)	1.71±1.24	1.69±1.34	-0.659	0.411
HDL-C	1.31±0.37	1.35±0.42	1.71	0.087
LDL-C	3.10±0.86	2.98±0.82	-2.51	0.012
Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg)	121.14±16.29	120.86±16.79	-0.29	0.776
Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg)	78.85±11.74	78.50±11.61	-0.50	0.614
Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L)	4.95±1.34	4.89±1.48	-0.69	0.492
Body mass index (kg/m²)	24.92±3.64	24.59±3.89	-1.47	0.142