Article Figures & Data
Tables
Demographic and clinical characteristic Low stress (%) Moderate stress (%) High stress (%) Frequency (%) P-value Age groups (years) <0.001 18-29 17.90 57.90 24.20 1640 (56.4) 30-39 27.70 60.80 11.50 530 (18.2) 40-49 40.20 53.40 6.50 386 (13.3) 50-59 57.60 37.80 4.50 288 (9.9) ≥60 67.70 32.30 0.00 65 (2.2) Gender <0.001 Male 38.70 53.60 7.80 760 (26.1) Female 23.80 55.90 20.30 2149 (73.9) Nationality 0.163 Saudi 28.00 55.00 17.00 2787 (95.8) Non-Saudi 20.50 61.50 18.00 122 (4.2) Region of residence <0.001 Central 28.80 56.50 14.70 1695 (58.3) Western 25.40 53.10 21.60 552 (19.0) Eastern 26.20 55.10 18.70 363 (12.5) Southern 34.60 50.30 15.20 191 (6.6) Northern 14.80 57.40 27.80 108 (3.7) Level of education 0.224 Below high school level 26.80 61.00 12.20 41 (1.4) High school level 25.90 54.10 20.00 486 (16.7) University level or above 28.00 55.40 16.50 2382 (81.9) Marital status <0.001 Single 18.70 58.40 22.90 1627 (55.9) Married 39.30 51.40 9.30 1159 (39.8) Divorced/widow 37.40 50.40 12.20 123 (4.2) Do you have children? <0.001 Yes 39.60 51.60 8.90 1094 (37.6) No 20.50 57.50 22.00 1815 (62.4) Occupation <0.001 Healthcare professional 28.50 56.00 15.50 193 (6.7) Employed 35.00 55.50 9.40 965 (33.3) Housewife 40.40 47.20 12.40 322 (11.1) Unemployed 27.00 52.70 20.30 404 (13.9) Student 16.90 58.20 24.90 1017 (35.1) Housing status <0.001 Own home 33.60 54.20 12.20 1183 (40.7) Living with family 21.20 55.90 22.90 1137 (39.1) Renting 28.20 55.60 16.20 532 (18.3) Other 28.10 61.40 10.50 57 (2.0) Are you disciplined with quarantine? 0.486 Always 28.30 54.50 17.20 2200 (75.6) Often 25.50 57.60 16.90 674 (23.2) Never 28.60 62.90 8.60 35 (1.2) How many days spent in quarantine? 0.032 Less than 20 days 31.40 54.10 14.40 229 (7.9) 20-39 days 29.30 58.90 11.80 314 (10.8) 40-59 days 21.10 63.00 15.90 459 (15.8) 60 days and more 28.50 53.00 18.50 1907 (65.6) Smoking 0.004 Smoker 33.90 52.20 13.90 360 (12.4) Non-smoker 26.80 55.70 17.50 2549 (87.6) Do you have any chronic disease? 0.005 Yes 34.50 49.90 15.60 423 (14.5) No 26.50 56.20 17.30 2486 (85.5) Are you diagnosed with any psychiatric disease? <0.001 Yes 13.60 54.50 31.90 191 (6.6) No 28.70 55.30 16.00 2718 (93.4) Perceived stress scale Responses n (%) 1. In the last month, how often have you been upset because of something that happened unexpectedly? Never 763 (26.20) Almost never 586 (20.10) Sometimes 1004 (34.50) Fairly often 349 (12.00) Very often 207 (7.10) 2. In the last month, how often have you felt that you were unable to control the important things in your life? Never 925 (31.80) Almost never 504 (17.30) Sometimes 782 (26.90) Fairly often 391 (13.40) Very often 307 (10.60) 3. In the last month, how often have you felt nervous and “stressed”? Never 437 (15.00) Almost never 406 (14.00) Sometimes 878 (30.20) Fairly often 576 (19.80) Very often 612 (21.00) 4. In the last month, how often have you felt confident about your ability to handle your personal problems? Never 559 (19.20) Almost never 861 (29.60) Sometimes 837 (28.80) Fairly often 414 (14.20) Very often 238 (8.20) 5. In the last month, how often have you felt that things were going your way? Never 235 (8.10) Almost never 628 (21.60) Sometimes 1030 (35.40) Fairly often 513 (17.60) Very often 503 (17.30) 6. In the last month, how often have you found that you could not cope with all the things that you had to do? Never 541 (18.60) Almost never 614 (21.10) Sometimes 1087 (37.40) Fairly often 411 (14.10) Very often 256 (8.80) 7. In the last month, how often have you been able to control irritations in your life? Never 336 (11.60) Almost never 740 (25.40) Sometimes 980 (33.70) Fairly often 484 (16.60) Very often 369 (12.70) 8. In the last month, how often have you felt that you were on top of things? Never 297 (10.20) Almost never 730 (25.10) Sometimes 964 (33.10) Fairly often 511 (17.60) Very often 407 (14.00) 9. In the last month, how often have you been angered because of things that were outside of your control? Never 277 (9.50) Almost never 472 (16.20) Sometimes 1021 (35.10) Fairly often 641 (22.00) Very often 498 (17.10) 10. In the last month, how often have you felt difficulties were piling up so high that you could not overcome them? Never 697 (24.00) Almost never 689 (23.70) Sometimes 730 (25.10) Fairly often 430 (14.80) Very often 363 (12.50) - Table 3
- Demographic characteristic of respondents with obsessive symptoms (dirt, germs, viruses).
Variables Worried about dirt, germs, viruses. P-value Only during COVID-19 pandemic n (%) Before and during COVID-19 pandemic n (%) Never n (%) Age groups (years) <0.001 18-29 947 (57.7) 453 (27.6) 240 (14.6) 30-39 297 (56.0) 156 (29.4) 77 (14.5) 40-49 243 (63.0) 85 (22.0) 58 (15.0) 50-59 166 (57.60) 56 (19.4) 66 (22.9) ≥60 27 (41.5) 10 (15.4) 28 (43.1) Gender 0.763 Male 458 (60.3) 155 (20.4) 147 (19.3) Female 1222 (56.9) 605 (28.2) 322 (15.0) Nationality 0.979 Saudi 1604 (57.6) 739 (26.5) 444 (15.9) Non-Saudi 76 (62.3) 21 (17.2) 25 (20.5) Region of residence 0.587 Central 1002 (59.1) 423 (25.0) 270 (15.9) Western 315 (57.1) 144 (26.1) 93 (16.8) Eastern 197 (54.3) 106 (29.2) 60 (16.5) Southern 103 (53.9) 56 (29.3) 32 (16.8) Northern 63 (58.3) 31 (28.7) 14 (13.0) Level of education 0.390 Below high school level 24 (58.5) 8 (19.5) 9 (22.0) High school level 272 (56.0) 125 (25.7) 89 (18.3) University level or above 1384 (58.1) 627 (26.3) 371 (15.6) Marital status 0.319 Married 684 (59.0) 283 (24.4) 192 (16.6) Divorced /widow 68 (55.3) 26 (21.1) 29 (23.6) Single 928 (57.0) 451 (27.7) 248 (15.2) Do you have children? 0.556 Yes 649 (59.3) 263 (24.0) 182 (16.6) No 1031 (56.8) 497 (27.4) 287 (15.8) Occupation 0.047 Healthcare professional 103 (53.4) 57 (29.5) 33 (17.1) Employed 582 (60.3) 208 (21.6) 175 (18.1) Housewife 192 (59.6) 76 (23.6) 54 (16.8) Unemployed 207 (51.2) 121 (30.0) 76 (18.8) Student 592 (58.2) 294 (28.9) 131 (12.9) Housing status 0.700 Own home 702 (59.3) 290 (24.5) 191 (16.1) Living with family 638 (56.1) 323 (28.4) 176 (15.5) Renting 310 (58.3) 131 (24.6) 91 (17.1) Other 30 (52.6) 16 (28.1) 11 (19.3) Are you disciplined with quarantine? 0.012 Always 1241 (56.4) 606 (27.5) 353 (16.0) Sometimes 422 (62.6) 148 (22.0) 104 (15.4) Never 17 (48.6) 6 (17.1) 12 (34.3) How many days spent in quarantine? 0.015 Less than 20 days 120 (52.4) 51 (22.3) 58 (25.3) 20-39 days 184 (58.6) 90 (28.7) 40 (12.7) 40-59 days 257 (56.0) 129 (28.1) 73 (15.9) 60 days and more 1119 (58.7) 490 (25.7) 298 (15.6) Smoking 0.607 Smoker 215 (59.7) 73 (20.3) 72 (20.0) Non-smoker 1465 (57.5) 687 (27.0) 397 (15.6) Do you have any chronic disease? 0.488 Yes 245 (57.9) 119 (28.1) 59 (13.9) No 1435 (57.7) 641 (25.8) 410 (16.5) Are you diagnosed with any psychiatric disease? 0.727 Yes 106 (55.5) 55 (28.8) 30 (15.7) No 1574 (57.9) 705 (25.9) 439 (16.2) - Table 4
- Demographic characteristic of respondents with compulsive symptoms (Repeated hand washing).
Variables Wash hands very often or in a special way to be sure I am not dirty or contaminated. P-value Only during COVID-19 pandemic n (%) Before and during COVID-19 pandemic n (%) Never n (%) Age groups (years) 0.005 18-29 747 (45.5) 238 (14.5) 655 (39.9) 30-39 265 (50.0) 63 (11.9) 202 (38.1) 40-49 182 (47.2) 54 (14.0) 150 (38.9) 50-59 120 (41.7) 41 (14.2) 127 (44.1) ≥60 20 (30.8) 5 (7.7) 40 (61.5) Gender 0.279 Male 334 (43.9) 110 (14.5) 316 (41.6) Female 1000 (46.5) 291 (13.5) 858 (39.9) Nationality 0.865 Saudi 1280 (45.9) 382 (13.7) 1125 (40.4) Non-Saudi 54 (44.3) 19 (15.6) 49 (40.2) Region of residence 0.938 Central 791 (46.7) 217 (12.8) 687 (40.5) Western 239 (43.3) 90 (16.3) 223 (40.4) Eastern 170 (46.8) 51 (14.0) 142 (39.1) Southern 86 (45.0) 26 (13.6) 79 (41.4) Northern 48 (44.4) 17 (15.7) 43 (39.8) Level of education 0.328 Below high school level 21 (51.2) 10 (24.4) 10 (24.4) High school level 213 (43.8) 82 (16.9) 191 (39.3) University level or above 1100 (46.2) 309 (13.0) 973 (40.8) Marital status 0.227 Married 536 (46.2) 148 (12.8) 475 (41.0) Divorced \ Widow 65 (52.8) 17 (13.8) 41 (33.3) Single 733 (45.1) 236 (14.5) 658 (40.4) Do you have children? 0.368 Yes 522 (47.7) 132 (12.1) 440 (40.2) No 812 (44.7) 269 (14.8) 734 (40.4) Occupation 0.122 Healthcare professional 89 (46.1) 26 (13.5) 78 (40.4) Employed 480 (49.7) 109 (11.3) 376 (39.0) Housewife 148 (46.0) 42 (13.0) 132 (41.0) Unemployed 158 (39.1) 73 (18.1) 173 (42.8) Student 456 (44.8) 150 (14.7) 411 (40.4) Housing status 0.999 Own home 541 (45.7) 165 (13.9) 477 (40.3) Living with family 525 (46.2) 151 (13.3) 461 (40.5) Renting 241 (45.3) 79 (14.8) 212 (39.8) Other 27 (47.4) 6 (10.5) 24 (42.1) Are you disciplined with quarantine? 0.961 Always 999 (45.4) 317 (14.4) 884 (40.2) Often 317 (47.0) 83 (12.3) 274 (40.7) Never 18 (51.4) 1 (2.9) 16 (45.7) How many days spent in quarantine? 0.084 Less than 20 days 93 (40.6) 22 (9.6) 114 (49.8) 20-39 days 148 (47.1) 43 (13.7) 123 (39.2) 40-59 days 220 (47.9) 60 (13.1) 179 (39.0) 60 days and more 873 (45.8) 276 (14.5) 758 (39.7) Smoking 0.058 Smoker 181 (50.3) 49 (13.6) 130 (36.1) Non-smoker 1153 (45.2) 352 (13.8) 1044 (41.0) Do you have any chronic disease? 0.988 Yes 189 (44.7) 68 (16.1) 166 (39.2) No 1145 (46.1) 333 (13.4) 1008 (40.5) Are you diagnosed with any psychiatric disease? 0.443 Yes 81 (42.4) 30 (15.7) 80 (41.9) No 1253 (46.1) 371 (13.6) 1094 (40.3) - Table 5
- Chi-square test of association between obsessive-compulsive symptoms and perceived stress.
Variables Perceived stress scale Total Low Moderate High I am worried about dirt, germs, and viruses Only during COVID-19 Pandemic 453 (56.3) 942 (58.6) 285 (57.5) 1680 (57.8) Before and During COVID-19 Pandemic 150 (18.6) 457 (28.4) 153 (30.8) 760 (26.1) Never 202 (25.1) 209 (13.0) 58 (11.7) 469 (16.1) I wash my hands very often or in a special way to be sure I am not dirty or contaminated Only during COVID-19 Pandemic 301 (37.4) 778 (48.4) 255 (51.4) 1334 (45.9) Before and During COVID-19 Pandemic 76 (9.4) 243 (15.1) 82 (16.5) 401 (13.8) Never 428 (53.2) 587 (36.5) 159 (32.1) 1174 (40.4) Total 805 (100.0) 1608 (100.0) 496 (100.0) 2909 (100.0) P-value <0.001. Effect size (Phi) = 0.167