Self-esteem mediates the relationship perceived stigma with self-efficacy for diabetes management in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Article Figures & Data

Table 1

- Sociodemographic and disease-related characteristics of the participants (N=162).

Variables	n (%)
Age, mean±SD (minimum-maximum)	49.59±9.30 (28-65) years
40 years old or younger	32 (19.8)
41-50 years old	59 (36.4)
51-60 years old	50 (30.9)
Older than 60 years old	21 (13.0)
Gender
Female	69 (42.6)
Male	93 (57.4)
Marital status
Married	135 (83.3)
Single	27 (16.7)
Education level
Primary school	80 (49.4)
Secondary school	20 (12.3)
High school	41 (25.3)
University or higher	21 (13.0)
Duration of diabetes
Shorter than one year	62 (38.3)
1-5 years	76 (46.9)
Longer than 5 years	24 (14.8)
Family history of diabetes
Yes, in first-degree relatives	66 (40.7)
Yes, in second-degree relatives	62 (38.3)
No	34 (21.0)
Has received diabetes education?
Yes	133 (82.1)
No	29 (17.9)
Has received adequate education about diabetes? (n=133)
Yes	60 (45.1)
No	73 (54.9)
Attends regular health follow-ups?
Yes	136 (84.0)
No	26 (16.0)
Treatment method
Only oral antidiabetic medication	135 (83.3)
Only insulin	18 (11.1)
Oral antidiabetics and insulin	9 (5.6)
Uses medication regularly?
Yes	140 (86.4)
No	22 (13.6)
Regular exercise habit?
Yes	27 (16.7)
Sometimes	50 (30.9)
No	85 (52.5)
Follows a diabetic diet?
Yes	77 (47.5)
No	85 (52.5)

Values are presented as a number and precentage (%). SD: standard deviation

Table 2

- Correlation analysis between stigma, self-esteem, and diabetes management self-efficacy.

Scales	Stigma total scores	Self-esteem total scores	Diabetes management self-efficacy total scores
Stigma total scores	r=1.000
Stigma total scores	p=0.000
Self-esteem scores	r= -0.29	r=1.000
Self-esteem scores	p=0.000	p=0.000
Diabetes management self-efficacy total scores	r= -0.25	r=0.25**	r=1.000
Diabetes management self-efficacy total scores	p=0.001	p=0.001	p=0.000

Table 3

- Correlation analysis between stigma, self-esteem, and diabetes management self-efficacy.

Dependent variables	Independent variables	ß	t	P-values	F	Model (p-values)	Adjusted R²	R² change	ß (95% CI)
Diabetes management self-efficacy (Model 1)	Constant	35.084	4.752	0.000	10.464	0.001	0.056		0.875 (0.342-1.408)
Diabetes management self-efficacy (Model 1)	Self-esteem	0.875	3.235	0.001
Self-esteem (Model 2)	Constant	32.792	19.963	0.000	14.237	0.000	0.057		-0.095 (-0.145 - -0.045)
Self-esteem (Model 2)	Stigma	-0.095	-3.773	0.000
Diabetes management self-efficacy (Model 3)	Constant	77.047	13.152	0.000	10.659	0.001	0.057	0.062	-0.294 (-0.472 - -0.116)
Diabetes management self-efficacy (Model 3)	Stigma	-0.294	-3.265	0.001
Diabetes management self-efficacy (Model 4)	Constant	54.822	5.086	0.000	8.473	0.000	0.085
	Stigma	-0.230	-2.479	0.014				0.062^*	-0.230 (-0.413 - -0.047)
	Self-Esteem	0.678	2.441	0.016				0.034^**	0.678 (0.129-1.226)

↵^* Predictors: (constant), stigma.
↵^** Predictors: (constant), stigma, and self-esteem. ß: beta regression coefficient, CI: confidence Interval, F: anavo test, R2: adjusted R square