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- Flow diagram of studies selection and screening.
Tables
Author/year Country Design Total sample size Meningitis patients (N) Age mean Y (Range) Male/Female Device type Cohen & Hoffman15/1991 USA ROS 921 23 - - (23) Nucleus device Daspit6/1991 USA Case report 1 1 51 Male (1) Nucleus device Webb et al16/1991 Germany ROS 712 1 - - (1) multichannel implant Page & Eby17/1997 UK Case report 1 1 5 Male - Woolley et al18/1998 USA Case series 4 1 5 y 4 months Female (1) multichannel implant Reefhuis etl al19/2003 USA POS 4264 26 (11-6) 18/8 (4) CI24M, (11) AB-5100H, (2) AB-5100,(7) AB-5100H-11, (2) CI24RST, (2) CI22M, (1)C40+HS Callanan & Poje10/2004 USA Case series 2 2 3-5 Male (2) Clarion C-II device with positioner Pettersen20/2005 Canada Case report 1 1 4 Male (1) Advanced bionics with positioner Biernath KR21/2006 USA ROS 4265 12 (21-103) months 9/3 (8) AB-5100H-11, (1) C40HGB, (3) AB-5100H Ahn et al22/2008 Korea ROS 388 1 5.2 Male (1) HF.1.2 Mancini et al23/2008 Italy Case series 3 3 (9-11) 2/1 (2) Clarion 1.2, 1 Clarion HiFocus CII Torkos et al24/2009 Hungary Case report 1 1 2 Male (1) Nucleus 24 R Loundon et al25/2010 France ROS 434 1 6 - - McJunkin & Jeyakumar26/2010 USA ROS 165 1 5 Female (1) Med El Ahn et al27/2011 Korea ROS 11 2 - 1/1 (1) HF 1.2, (1) CI24RST Ajallouyean et al4/2011 Iran Case series 262 1 1.5 - - Gurbuz et al7/2011 Turkey Case report 1 1 8.5 Female (1) Med-El© short electrode Lalwani & Cohen28/2011 USA ROS 8,329 86 43 <5 y - (86) devices with positioner O’Mahony et al29/2011 USA Case report 1 1 4 Male (1) Implant with positioner Mancini et al8/2013 Italy Case series 5 5 (2.5-8) 2/3 AB devices: 2 with Clarion 1.2 HiFocus with positioner, 1 with HiFocus CII and 1 with HiResolutionTM 90K; 1 with a Med-El Combi 40+ Roman et al30/2013 USA Case report 1 1 2 Female (1) Nucleus CI24 straight electrode array Tarkan et al31/2013 Turkey ROS 475 2 1.5-2.5 - (1) Med-El Sonata (straight array), (1) Nucleus CI24RE (contour array) Afsharpaiman et al32/2014 Iran ROS 371 1 24 months Female - Suleiman et al33/2014 Nigeria Case series 2 1 8 Female (1) Medel Pulsar Daneshi et al34/2015 Iran ROS 4346 4 - - - Javia et al35/2016 USA ROS 478 4 (1.3-4) 3/1 (1) Clarion CII, 1 Clarion HiFocus, 2 AB HiRes 90K Pross et al36/2016 USA Case report 1 1 4 Female - Tandon et al37/2016 India case report 1 1 1 Male (1) Nucleus freedom implant CI24RE (straight electrode) with straight electrode array Vartanyan et al38/2018 Australia Case report 1 1 23 Female - Dağkıran et al5/2020 Turkey ROS 1452 5 - - - Yan et al39/2020 China Case report 1 1 7 Male - Piromchai et al40/2021 Thailand ROS 458 9 - - (9) 3M device ROS: retrospective study, POS: prospective study, USA: United Stated of America, Y: years, AB: advanced Bionics, HS: Houston Galveston Brazoria, HF: HiFocus electrode array
Author/year Meningitis cases (N) Onset of meningitis (month) Organism N. of meningitis episodes Immunization status Possible risk factors Anatomical deformities N of patients CSF leak Otitis media Others Cohen & Hoffman15/1991 23 - - - - - - - Daspit6/1991 1 0.2 Streptococcus pneumonia - - - 1 Head trauma and bilateral Meniere’s disease Webb et al16/1991 1 - - - - - - - Page & Eby17/1997 1 24 - 2 - 1 - Sinusitis prior to meningitis onset Woolley et al18/1998 1 7 - 1 - 1 1 1 Reefhuis et al19/2003 26 1 day-36 months Streptococcus pneumoniae: 15 episodes Haemophilus influenzae type b: 5 episodes Acinetobacter baumannii: 2 episodes Enterococcus: 1 episode, Escherichia coli: 1 episode, Unknown: 5 episodes 23 patient: 1 3 patients: 2 - 9 6 13 Previous meningitis: 5 ventriculoperitoneal shunt: 1 Callanan & Poje10/2004 2 0.4-12 Haemophilus influenzae: 1 patient Streptococcus pneumoniae: 1 patient 1 HIB and the pneumococcal vaccines 1 1 1 Pettersen et al20/2005 1 42 Group A streptococcus: 1st episode, Pseudomonas aeruginosa: 2nd episode 2 Pneumococcal and Neisseria meningitidis vaccines - - 2 Biernath et al21/2006 12 5-40 Streptococcus pneumoniae: 9 patients Group A Streptococcus: one patient Unknown: 2 patients 1 - 2 1 Previous meningitis: 3 Ahn et al22/2008 1 - - 3 - 1 - - Mancini et al23/2008 3 8-72 Streptococcus pneumoniae: 3 episodes, Negative CSF: one episode 2 patients: 1 1 patient: 2 Pneumococcal vaccine 2 - - Torkos et al24/2009 1 6 Haemophilus influenzae in episode, Streptococcus pneumoniae in another 4 - 1 1 - McJunkin & Jeyakumar26/2010 1 12 Pseudomonas aeruginosa 1 - 1 - - Loundon et al25/2010 1 48 Streptococcus pneumoniae 1 Complete immunization history - - - Ahn et al27/2011 2 48 - - - 2 1 - Ajallouyean et al4/2011 1 - - - - - - Gurbuz et al7/2011 1 24 Streptococcus pneumonia 4 HIB vaccine before first 3 episodes. Pneumococcal vaccine before the last episode 1 1 Head trauma HIB: Haemophiles influenzae type B, CSF: cerebrospinal fluid
- Table 2
- Reported meningitis with associated risk factors and role of vaccination (continuation).
Author/year Meningitis cases (N) Onset of meningitis (month) Organism N. of meningitis episodes Immunization status Possible risk factors Anatomical deformities N of patients CSF leak Otitis media Others Lalwani Cohen28/2011 86 59 within the first 24 month - - Fully immunized: 31 HIB vaccine: 11 Not immunized: 22 Unknown: 22 9 - 42 Previous meningitis: 7 O’Mahony et al29/2011 1 36 Streptococcus pneumoniae 1 Complete immunization history 1 - - Mancini et al8/2013 5 3 -72 Streptococcus pneumoniae - Pneumococcal vaccine 3 - 4 Roman et al30/2013 1 5-10 Streptococcus pneumoniae in the first episode, Haemophilus influenza in the 2nd episode 2 HIB and the pneumococcal vaccines 1 1 - Tarkan et al31/2013 2 1, 30 - 1 patient: 3 Pneumococcus vaccine 2 1 - Afsharpaiman et al32/2014 1 - - - Complete immunization history but not with Pneumococcal vaccine - - - Suleiman et al33/2014 1 - - 1 Pneumococcal vaccine 0 - Previous meningitis Daneshi et al34/2015 4 - - Pneumococcal vaccine Javia et al35/2016 4 4 days-32 months Acinetobacter baumannii: one patient, Streptococcus pneumoniae: one patient, Negative CSF: 2 patients 1 - - 1 - Pross et al36/2016 1 3 Streptococcus pneumoniae 2 Pneumococcal vaccine 1 - Previous meningitis Tandon et al37/2016 1 4-13 Nonhemolytic streptococci: 1st episode, Streptococcus pneumoniae: 2nd episode 3 Pneumococcal, meningococcal, and HIB vaccines 1 1 Respiratory tract infection prior to meningitis Vartanyan et al38/2018 1 72 Streptococcus pneumoniae 1 HIB and Neisseria meningitides vaccines 1 1 - Dağkıran et al5/2020 5 - - - - 5 4 - Yan et al39/2020 1 72 Pseudomonas aeruginosa 1 - 1 1 Head trauma Piromchai et al40/2021 9 - - - - - - - HIB: Haemophiles influenzae type B, CSF: cerebrospinal fluid, N: number
Author/year N. of patients had meningitis Diagnostic method Management Outcomes Cohen & Hoffman15/1991 23 - - - Daspit6/1991 1 Clinical+ CSF culture Medical treatment Full-recovery Webb et al16/1991 1 - - Full-recovery Page & Eby17/1997 1 - 1st episode medical treatment, 2nd episode Revision surgery + medical treatment Quadriparesis Woolley et al18/1998 1 Clinical+ CSF culture Revision surgery + medical treatment Full-recovery Reefhuis et al19/2003 26 Clinical+ CSF culture 3 Revision surgery + medical treatment, 23 medical treatment 1 Died, 3 implant removed Callanan & Poje10/2004 2 Clinical+ CSF culture Medical treatment Full-recovery Pettersen et al20/2005 1 Clinical+ CSF culture 1st episode medical treatment, 2nd episode Revision surgery + medical treatment Language delay with loss of his milestones Biernath et al21/2006 12 Clinical+ CSF culture - 2 died Ahn et al22/2008 1 - - Re-implantation was required Mancini et al23/2008 3 Clinical+ CSF culture 3 Medical treatment, 1 medical treatment+ revision surgery in the second episode 2 Fibrosed cocclea require reimplantation,1 full recovery Torkos et al24/2009 1 Clinical+ CSF culture 1 Revision surgery + medical treatment Full-recovery McJunkin & Jeyakumar26/2010 1 Clinical+ CSF culture - - Loundon et al25/2010 1 Clinical+ CSF culture Medical treatment Full-recovery Ahn et al27/2011 2 - 1 Revision surgery + medical treatment, 1 medical treatment - Ajallouyean et al4/2011 1 - - - Gurbuz et al7/2011 1 Clinical+ CSF culture The first 3 episodes were treated with medical treatment and the last episode treated with revision surgery + medical treatment - O’Mahony et al29/2011 1 Clinical+ CSF culture medical treatment+ shunt surgery Right hemiparesis Lalwani & Cohen28/2011 86 - - - Mancini et al8/2013 5 - 2 Revision surgery + medical treatment 2 ipsilateral ossification, 1ipsilateral and contralateral ossification Roman et al30/2013 1 Clinical+ CSF culture 1 Revision surgery + medical treatment Full-recovery Tarkan et al31/2013 2 - 1 Revision surgery + medical treatment, 1 medical treatment Full-recovery Afsharpaiman et al32/2014 1 - - - Suleiman et al33/2014 1 - Medical treatment Full-recovery Daneshi et al34/2015 4 Pross et al36/2016 1 Clinical+ CSF culture 1 Medical treatment Full-recovery Javia et al35/2016 4 Clinical+ CSF culture 2 Revision surgery + medical treatment, 2 medical treatment 1 Temporary hemiparesis that resolved, 3 Full-recovery Tandon et al37/2016 1 Clinical+ CSF culture The first 2 episodes medical treatment, the 3rd episode revision surgery + medical treatment Full-recovery Vartanyan et al38/2018 1 Clinical+ CSF culture 1 Revision surgery + medical treatment Full-recovery Dağkıran et al5/2020 5 - 4 Revision surgery + medical treatment, 1 medical treatment - Yan et al39/2020 1 Clinical+ CSF culture 1 Revision surgery + medical treatment Full-recovery Piromchai et al40/2021 9 - - - CSF: cerebrospinal fluid
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