Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1
- Kaplan-Meier analysis for composite event free survival in both groups. FMD: flow-mediated dilatation
- Figure 2
- Kaplan-Meier analysis for heart failure rate in both groups. FMD: flow-mediated dilatation
- Figure 3
- Kaplan-Meier analysis for stroke in both groups. FMD: flow-mediated dilatation
Tables
Characteristics Low FMD (n=97) High FMD (n=194) P-value Age 70.14±10.52 64.14±11.01 0.000 Gender (M/F) 66/31 131/63 0.929 Smoking 27 62 0.472 Diabetes 26 69 0.133 Hypertension 32 71 0.544 CHD 29 57 0.928 CHA2DS2-VASc score 3.19±0.97 2.33±0.90 0.000 LVD (mm) 51.53±7.22 50.54±7.51 0.314 LAD (mm) 44.53±7.81 42.27±7.62 0.019 LVEF (%) 59.42±12.28 62.88±9.66 0.017 TC (mmol/L) 4.16±1.19 4.27±1.06 0.472 TG (mmol/L) 1.43±0.90 1.68±1.64 0.117 LDL-C (mmol/L) 2.39±0.91 2.52±0.83 0.220 HDL-C (mmol/L) 1.06±0.28 1.07±0.26 0.869 Glucose (mmol/L) 6.17±1.85 5.85±1.79 0.193 Creatinine (µmol/L) 85.03±43.21 78.52±37.75 0.221 Homocysteine (mmol/L) 19.37±9.95 16.54±7.79 0.021 FMD (%) 4.93±0.84 8.03±1.71 0.000 Wafarin user 33 56 0.368 NOAC user 11 22 0.584 Beita blocker user 72 165 0.359 Diuretics user 11 22 0.584 ACEI/ARB user 31 62 0.389 Values are presented as numbers (n) and mean ± standard deviatin (SD). FMD: flow-mediated dilatation, M: male, F: female, CHD: coronary artery disease, CHA2DS2-VASc: congestive heart failure, hypertension, age ≥75 (doubled), diabetes, stroke (doubled), vascular disease, age 65-74, and gender category (female), LVD: left ventricular diameter, LAD: left atrial diameter, LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction, TC: totol cholesterol, TG: triglyceride, LDL-C: low density lipoprotein-cholesterol, HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, NOAC: non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulant, ACEI: angiotension converting enzyme inhibitors, ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker
Variables Low FMD (n=97) High FMD (n=194) P-value Cardiovascular events 36 (37.1) 35 (18.0) 0.000 Heart failure 19 (19.6) 21 (10.8) 0.041 Nonfatal myocardial infarction 4 (4.1) 7 (3.6) 0.826 Cardiovascular death 2 (2.0) 4 (2.1) 0.682 Stroke 11 (11.3) 13 (6.7) 0.175 Values are presented as numbers and precentages (%) and analyses were carried out using χ2 statistics. FMD: flow-mediated dilatation
- Table 3
- Cox proportional hazards model regression of composite cardiovascular events in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation.
Characteristics Univariate analysis Multiple analysis hazard ratio (95% CI) P-value hazard ratio (95% CI) P-value CHA2DS2-VASc score 1.718 (1.357-2.175) 0.000 1.383 (1.035-1.847) 0.028 Low FMD 3.371 (2.012-5.047) 0.000 3.036 (1.546-5.963) 0.001 LAD 1.048 (1.022-1.073) 0.000 1.034 (1.001-1.069) 0.041 LVD 1.027 (0.997-1.057) 0.076 0.979 (0.933-1.027) 0.389 LVEF 0.983 (0.965-1.000) 0.050 0.995 (0.967-1.023) 0.706 Smoking 1.138 (0.350-3.703) 0.739 --- --- CHD 0.841 (0.487-1.453) 0.535 --- --- TC 0.879 (0.680-1.136) 0.323 --- --- TG 0.844 (0.636-1.120) 0.240 --- --- LDL-C 0.948 (0.689-1.305) 0.744 --- --- Creatinine 1.044 (1.000-1.048) 0.038 1.001 (0.994-1.007) 0.798 Homocysteine 1.045 (1.018-1.072) 0.001 1.029 (0.999-1.060) 0.062 Wafarin user 0.883 (0.678-1.132) 0.036 0.913 (0.827-1.032) 0.412 NOAC user 0.956 (0.577-1.038) 0.116 --- --- Diuretics user 1.031 (0.780-1.237) 0.521 --- --- Beita blocker user 0.912 (0.650-1.332) 0.135 --- --- ACEI/ARB user 1.002 (0.676-1.567) 0.336 --- --- CI: confidence interval, CHA2DS2-VASc: congestive heart failure, hypertension, age ≥75 (doubled), diabetes, stroke (doubled), vascular disease, age 65-74, and gender category (female), FMD: flow-mediated dilatation, LAD: left atrial diameter, LVD: left ventricular diameter, LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction, CHD: coronary artery disease, TC: totol cholesterol, TG: triglyceride, LDL-C: low density lipoprotein-cholesterol, NOAC: non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulant, ACEI: angiotension converting enzyme inhibitors, ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker
- Table 4
- Cox proportional hazards model regression of heart failure in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation.
Characteristics Univariate analysis Multiple analysis hazard ratio (95% CI) P-value hazard ratio (95% CI) P-value CHA2DS2-VASc score 1.214 (0.824-1.517) 0.086 1.204 (0.815-1.778) 0.352 Low FMD 2.651 (1.411-4.980) 0.002 3.207 (1.320-7.7975) 0.010 LAD 1.065 (1.037-1.093) 0.000 1.057 (1.022-1.093) 0.001 LVD 1.040 (1.009-1.072) 0.012 0.965 (0.915-1.019) 0.201 LVEF 0.978 (0.958-0.998) 0.028 0.992 (0.956-1.029) 0.654 Smoking 1.148 (0.650-2.703) 0.321 --- --- CHD 1.166 (0.570-2.386) 0.657 --- --- TC 0.814 (0.584-1.133) 0.212 --- --- TG 0.822 (0.563-1.198) 0.307 --- --- LDL-C 1.024 (0.698-1.880) 0.049 1.038 (0.638-1.688) 0.882 Creatinine 1.006 (1.0015-1.010) 0.009 1.002 (0.995-1.010) 0.588 Homocysteine 1.071 (1.042-1.102) 0.000 1.048 (1.012-1.086) 0.008 Wafarin user 0.893 (0.659-0.964) 0.045 0.897 (0.656-0.933) 0.121 NOAC user 0.935 (0.571-1.038) 0.139 --- --- Diuretics user 1.131 (0.770-1.245) 0.624 --- --- Beita blocker user 0.952 (0.671-1.358) 0.475 --- --- ACEI/ARB user 0.836 (0.456-0.932) 0.103 --- --- CI: confidence interval, CHA2DS2-VASc: congestive heart failure, hypertension, age ≥75 (doubled), diabetes, stroke (doubled), vascular disease, age 65-74, and gender category (female), FMD: flow-mediated dilatation, LAD: left atrial diameter, LVD: left ventricular diameter, LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction, CHD: coronary artery disease, TC: totol cholesterol, TG: triglyceride, LDL-C: low density lipoprotein-cholesterol, NOAC: non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulant, ACEI: angiotension converting enzyme inhibitors, ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker
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