Prevalence of obesity in treated and untreated patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A meta-analysis

Fatimah AlAhmari; Mohy Uddin

doi:10.15537/smj.2022.43.8.20220247

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Figure 1
- Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis flowchart diagram.
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Figure 2
- Forest plot-prevalence of obesity in medicated versus unmedicated attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) patients. CI: confidence incterval
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- Funnel plot-publication bias.

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Table 1

- Characteristics of the included studies.

Author (year)	Title	Design	No. of study participants (medicated / unmedicated)	Gender distribution(boys/girls) and race	Age group	BMI range and obesity criteria used	Type of medication used for ADHD
Curtin et al²⁴ (2005)	Prevalence of overweight in children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorders: a chart review	Retrospective chart review	98 (32 / 66)	(79 / 19)Whites, African American, Hispanics	3 to 18 years	Obesity was defined as >95% percentile of the CDC growth charts	Stimulant medications (methylphenidate and amphetamine salts) used
Visser et al²⁵ (2007)	National estimates and factors associated with medication treatment for childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder	National Survey of Children’s Health data	6497 (3746 / 2751)	(4683 / 1814)Hispanic and Latino	4 to 17 years		Stimulant medications used
Waring and Lapne²⁶ (2008)	Overweight in children and adolescents in relation to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: results from a national sample	Cross-sectional study	5680 (2424 / 3256)	(4101 / 1579)Hispanic and non-Hispanic blacks and whites	5 to 17 years	Obesity was defined as >95% percentile of the CDC growth charts	NA
Dubnov-Raz & Berger²⁷ (2011)	BMI of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder	Retrospective chart review	275 (135 / 140)	NA Jewish	6 to 16 years old	Overweight and obesity was defined as >85% and >95% percentile of the CDC growth charts	Stimulant medication (methylphenidate) used
Kim et al²⁸ (2011)	Health behaviors and obesity among US children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder by gender and medication use	Cross-sectional study	6070 (3580 / 2490)	(4356 / 1714)Hispanic and African American	6 to 17 years	Obesity was defined as >95% percentile of the CDC growth charts	Stimulant medications used
Byrd & Curtain²⁹ (2013)	Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and obesity in US males and females, age 8-15 years: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001-2004	National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey	412 (185 / 227)	(275 / 137)Non-Hispanic whites and blacks Mexican Americans	8 to 15 years	Obesity was defined as >95% percentile of the CDC growth charts	NA
Spencer et al³⁰ (2014)	Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and adverse health outcomes in adults	Cross-sectional study	198 (98 / 100)	(93 / 105) Caucasian	8 to 18 years	NA	Stimulant medications used
Hanć et al³¹ (2015)	ADHD and overweight in boys: cross-sectional study with birth weight as a controlled factor	Cross-sectional study	219 (79 / 140)	All 219 boys Polish	6 to 18 years	NA	Stimulant medications used

ADHD: attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, US: United States, NA: not available, &: and, BMI: body mass index, CDC: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, No.: number