Abstract
Objectives: To compare the effect of pre-emptive erector spinae plane block (ESPB) applied before the procedure on opioid consumption during the procedure and analgesic demand and opioid consumption after the procedure.
Methods: American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status Classification (ASA) I-II, 30 patients, with liver tumor and planned for microwave ablation (MWA) treatment were included in the interventional radiology clinic, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey, Turkey between 2021 and 2022. Patients were randomized either to the ESPB or control group. Ultrasound-guided ESPB block with 20 mL of 0.25% bupivacaine was performed preoperatively in the ESPB group patients, and the patients who was not performed the ESPB the control group. All the patients were administered 1 µg/kg fentanyl, 1-2 mg/kg propofol, and 1 mg/kg ketamine for sedation during the MWA procedure after standard monitoring. Total opioid consumption and numeric rating scale (NRS) scores for pain were recorded at 0, 20, 40, and 60 minutes, and at 2, 4, 6, 12, and 24 hours after the procedure.
Results: Total opioid consumption and total opioid amount during the procedure were statistically significantly lower in the ESPB group (p<0.001). Although all of the patients in the control group needed additional fentanyl throughout the procedure, only 5 patients in the ESPB group needed additional fentanyl (p<0.001). Post-procedure NRS score values were significantly lower in the ESPB group at 40 minutes, 60 minutes and 4 hours (p<0.05). Numeric rating scale values at other times were statistically similar (p>0.05)
Conclusion: This study showed that ESPB provided effective preemptive analgesia during MWA procedures.
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common tumors in the world. Most HCC patients are not eligible for surgical resection because of insufficient liver function reserve.1 Palliative treatment options for unresectable liver tumors include radiofrequency ablation (RF), microwave ablation (MWA), laser, cryotherapy and high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU).2
Although the ablation procedure is performed with appropriate sedation techniques, the pain felt during the procedure is unpredictable and subjective. It is hypothesized that tumors in the subcapsular region adjacent to the parietal peritoneum or central tumors in contact with large blood vessels may cause severe pain during treatment with RF ablation.3,4 After RF ablation treatment for superficial lesions located adjacent to the diaphragm, pain occurs within a few days following the procedure, although it is not common.5 The MWA method, which can reach larger ablation areas in shorter times at higher temperatures, increases the success rate in treating liver tumors with successful pain management during the procedure.6 While tumor ablation can be performed under local or general anesthesia, conscious sedation practices accompanied by monitored anesthesia care (MAC) have recently also taken their place in clinical practice.7,8 Although opioids have adverse effects such as respiratory depression, nausea and vomiting, they are still widely used in ablation treatments, as their doses can be adjusted according to the severity of pain and are very effective in providing analgesia.8,9
Erector spinae plane block (ESPB) was first defined and applied by Forero10 in 2016 as an ultrasound-guided interfascial plane block for the treatment of thoracic neuropathic pain. Erector spinae plane block is based on the principle of blocking the dorsal and ventral roots of the thoracic and abdominal spinal nerves. Ultrasound-guided ESPB has been widely used to treat acute and chronic pain in recent years.11-13 This study primarily aimed to compare the effect of preemptive ESPB applied before the procedure on fentanyl consumption during the procedure and analgesic demand and consumption after the procedure. Our secondary aim was to investigate the postoperative pain levels of our patients and their effects on radiologist satisfaction.
Methods
This study was planned patients with liver tumors who were examined underwent ablation in the interventional radiology clinic at Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey between 2021 and 2022. This study was approved by the Erciyes University Faculty of Medicine Clinical Research Ethics Committee with protocol number 2021/346 dated 05.05.2021 and complied with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. The protocol of the study was registered at Clinical Trials.gov (NCT05009550) before study initiation and publication. The study was performed as prospective, randomized and single-centered. Thirty volunteer patients aged 18-65 years, within the American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status Classification (ASA) I-II risk group, diagnosed with a liver tumor and planned for MWA treatment, who were admitted to Erciyes University Faculty of Medicine Interventional Radiology Clinic, were included in the study by obtaining informed consent. Risk scale of ASA III-V, patients with concomitant severe cardiac, respiratory, allergy history, coagulopathy, patients receiving opioid therapy for chronic pain, patients with low cognitive functions incapable of evaluating the numerical pain scale (NRS) score, morbid obesity and patient requests not to be included were determined as the exclusion criteria.
The patients were randomly assigned to the ESPB (n=15) and control (n=15) groups. Randomization was achieved using a computer‐based list before the procedure. Demographic data of the patients (age, height, weight, gender, comorbidity, ASA scores), post-procedure analgesic use, first rescue analgesic time and NRS were recorded. Standard monitoring (electrocardiogram, pulse oximetry, and non-invasive blood pressure) was applied to the patients who were taken to the MWA procedure room, and vascular access was established. A 2 L/min oxygen support was administered by nasal cannula. All patients were informed regarding the postoperative pain assessment score NRS.
Erector spinae plane block technique
An experienced anesthesiologist performed all ESPB procedures. ESPB was performed with USG (Sonosite M Turbo®, Fujifilm Inc., USA) preemptively 30 minutes (mins) before the procedure in patients who accepted ESPB. The patients were laid in the prone position, and after the skin was cleaned, a linear 38-mm, high frequency 10-15 MHz transducer linear USG probe was placed 2-3 cm lateral to the T8 vertebral spinous process in the paramedian sagittal plane. Local anesthesia was achieved by infiltrating 1 mL of 2% lidocaine into the skin and subcutaneous tissue at the needle insertion sites. In the in-plane, a 22 gauge 80 mm stimuplex needle (B. Braun Medical Inc., Bethlehem, PA, USA) was inserted in the cranial-caudal direction until it came into contact with the T8 transverse process. A 20 mL of 0.25% bupivacaine hydrochloride (Bustesin, Vem Drug Company, Istanbul, Turkey) (prepared by adding 10 mL of 0.5% bupivacaine + 10 mL of SF) was administered. The distribution of local anesthetic was confirmed by observing in the plane between the transverse process of the T8 vertebra and the erector spinae muscle, and the procedure was terminated. At the 30th minute after the procedure, the degree of sensory blockade of the patients was evaluated on a 3-point scale (0=normal sensation; 1=feels the needle slightly; 2=no sensation) with the pinprick test. As a result of the sensorial block evaluation, scores of 1 and above on 3-point scales were accepted as sufficient block, and the MWA procedure was initiated. Patients in the control group and ESPB group were administered 1 µg/kg fentanyl, 1-2 mg/kg propofol and 1 mg/kg ketamine for sedation during the MWA procedure after standard monitoring.
Microwave ablation (MWA) protocol
A 15-gauge liquid-cooled antenna and a 2.45 GHz generator with a power of 120 W (Solero microwave tissue ablation system; Angiodynamics, USA) were used for the microwave ablation procedure. The duration of the procedure varied depending on the size of the nodule to be ablated.
Sedation of the patients during the MWA procedure was evaluated with the Observer’s Assessment of Alertness/Sedation Scale (OAASS) (5=response easily to name spoken in normal tone; 4=lethargic response to name spoken in normal tone; 3=responds only after name is called loudly or repeatedly; 2=responds only after mild shaking; 1=does not respond to mild shaking). According to the observer evaluation on the alertness/sedation scale, 3 or more was considered adequate sedation. At this level of sedation, the patients seemed relaxed and could maintain their spontaneous breathing. During the MWA procedure, it was aimed to achieve the targeted depth of anesthesia and the need for analgesia by paying attention to 20% or more changes in the initial values of heart rate and blood pressure (repeated as 50% of the initial dose of the analgesic agent used). Bradycardia were treated with 0.01 mg kg-1 atropine IV and hypotension were treated with 0.1 mg kg-1 ephedrine IV. The satisfaction of the interventional radiologist during the procedure was evaluated on a satisfaction scale (1=not at all satisfied; 2=not satisfied; 3=reasonable; 4=satisfied; 5=highly satisfied). Before and after the MWA procedure, patients in both the control and ESPB groups were asked to rate their pain from 0 to 10 with NRS to define their pain intensity, wherein 0 means no pain, and 10 at the other end of the scale represents unbearable pain. NRS values were evaluated by an anesthesiologist blinded to the study who did not know to which study group the patient belonged. Patients in the recovery unit were evaluated with the modified aldrete score, and if the score was 9 and above, the patient was transported to the ward safely.9
Hemodynamic data, NRS pain scores, whether there was a need for rescue analgesics, time of first analgesic use, and nausea, vomiting, and other complications of the patients in the recovery unit at 0, 20, 40 and 60 mins and at 2, 4, 6, 12 and 24 hours after the procedure were recorded. The total amount of fentanyl and propofol consumed during the MWA procedure, the need for additional fentanyl and the use of analgesics after the procedure, the time of first analgesic use, and the amount of analgesic used were also noted. Patient follow-up in the postoperative period was performed by an anesthetist who was blinded to the study and did not know which study group the patient belonged to. During the follow-up, paracetamol 1 g IV (Partemol® Vem Istanbul, Turkey) was administered as a rescue analgesic in case of NRS>4, and contramal 30 mg IV (Tramosel®, Haver, Istanbul, Turkey) was applied if this was insufficient.
According to the power analysis performed before the study, to reveal the intraoperative fentanyl consumption difference between the 2 groups, the number of patients in the study was calculated as at least 15 in each group, with a total of 30, with type 1 error of 5%, effect size=2.424, and statistical power=99.9%.
Statistical analysis
Data were evaluated using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, version 26 (IBM Corp., Armonk, New York, USA) statistical package program. Descriptive statistics were presented as the number of units, percent, mean ± standard deviation, median, minimum, maximum, and interquartile range (IQR) values. The normal distribution of the data of numerical variables was evaluated with the Shapiro Wilk test of normality. Normally distributed variables between groups were compared with independent samples t-test. Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare numerical variables that did not show normal distribution according to the groups. The exact method of the Pearson Chi-square test compared the study groups with categorical variables. If the Chi-square test result was statistically significant, subgroup analyses were performed with Bonferroni-corrected 2-proportion z-test. Linear mixed models were used since there were missing values in the comparison of the heart rate, systolic arterial blood pressure (SABP) diastolic arterial blood pressure, and oxygen saturaiton values of the groups according to the measurement times. Comparison of NRS scores according to measurement times was performed with 2-way repeated measures analysis of variance. Bonferroni correction was applied for multiple comparisons. A value of p<0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results
When the 2 groups were compared in terms of age, gender, ASA score distribution, subcapsular/intraparenchymal location, lesion size and procedure time, there was no statistically significant difference in the distribution of values (p>0.05) (Table 1). Heart rate was significantly higher in the control group at the 5th min. While SABP values at 0 min were significantly higher in the ESPB group, they were statistically higher at the 5th minute in the control group (p<0.05) (Table 1). Oxygen saturation values revealed a statistically similar distribution at 0, 5, 10, and 15 min (p>0.05) (Table 2).
- Comparison of descriptive characteristics by groups.
- Comparison of heart rate, systolic arterial blood pressure, diastolic arterial blood pressure, and oxygen saturation values by groups (N=25).
Total opioid consumption and total opioid amount during the procedure were statistically significantly lower in the ESPB group (p<0.001). Although all of the patients in the control group needed additional fentanyl throughout the procedure, only 5 patients in the ESPB group needed additional fentanyl (p<0.001) (Table 3). The total amount of propofol consumed during the procedure, the analgesic consumption after the procedure, and the time of first analgesic use after the procedure were statistically similar in the groups (p>0.05) (Table 3). When both groups were compared in terms of pre-procedural NRS score values, the distribution of values was statistically similar (p>0.05) (Table 4). Post-procedure NRS score values were significantly lower in the ESPB group at 40 and 60 mins, and at 4 hours (p<0.05) (Table 4). NRS values at other times were statistically similar (p>0.05) (Table 4).
- Analgesic consumption during and after the procedure.
- Distribution of NRS scores by groups.*
The presence of postoperative complications was statistically similar between the groups (p<0.999). Only one person from the control group developed respiratory depression. Radiology doctor satisfaction scores were statistically different between ESPB and control groups. While the number of patients who expressed that they were not satisfied with the radiologist was statistically higher in the control group, the number of patients whose satisfaction they expressed as excellent was statistically higher in the ESPB group (p<0.001) (Table 5).
- Comparison of post-procedure complication rates and radiology doctor satisfaction levels between groups (N=15).
Discussion
This study observed that ESPB administered preemptively as part of multimodal analgesia in the MWA procedure reduced total opioid consumption and the need for additional analgesics both in the perioperative and postoperative periods. Radiofrequency ablation and MWA methods have been reported to be quite effective in treating liver tumors, either in combination with surgery or as a stand-alone application.3 Microwave thermal ablation methods have been developed as an alternative to traditional radiofrequency ablation methods since they can produce larger and hotter ablations.6,7
Pain, pleural effusion, development of perihepatic fluid or blood collections are common complications after ablation procedures.14 It is generally accepted that the liver parenchyma is insensitive to pain. Pain during ablation procedures is generally associated with parietal peritoneal irritation in the presence of central tumors adjacent to large vessels, or the presence of a superficial tumor.5,15
Understanding the general characteristics of the tumor, such as the size and localization of the tumor, and the factors associated with pain during the procedure will help predict the analgesic requirements during the procedure.3,15 General anesthesia, sedation or local anesthesia are preferred during tumor ablation. When general anesthesia is preferred, muscle relaxants ensure precise placement of the applicator and immobility of the patient throughout the procedure. Performing ablation procedures with deep or conscious sedation can save time by shortening the start of the procedure and providing faster recovery after the procedure is completed, as well as protecting the patient from potential risks associated with general anesthesia.7 Opioids are widely used analgesics during tumor ablation therapy, but they have disadvantages such as respiratory depression, bradycardia, hypotension, nausea-vomiting and apnea.8,9,15,16
Erector spinae plane block is increasingly used in many different regions and different pain indications for selective multidermatomal sensory blockade in postoperative or neuropathic pain.17-21 ESPB, which was first defined for the treatment of thoracic neuropathic pain by Forero et al,10 is one of the regional anesthesia methods with proven effectiveness to reduce intraoperative and postoperative opioid consumption as well as to provide postoperative analgesia.
When ESPB is administered at the T5-6 level in thoracic surgeries and the T7-9 level in abdominal surgeries, anesthesia and analgesia can be provided in the area to be treated. It was reported that the local anesthetic agent injected after ESPB moves in the cephalo-caudal direction with the thoracolumbar fascia and also blocks the sympathetic fibers by spreading to the paravertebral area. Erector spinae plane block can prevent visceral pain in addition to somatic pain.21,22 Tulgar et al23 reported that bilateral sensory block was achieved after unilateral ESPB was applied at the T9 level. In this case, when this study was planned, it was revealed that ESPB could provide effective analgesia when performed unilaterally. Moreover, before starting the ablation process after ESPB, when the sensory blocks of the patients were evaluated with the pinprick test, the block was accepted to be sufficient according to whether they felt the needle slightly or not.
In many studies investigating the effects of ESPB on acute and chronic pain, when ESP block is used as a part of a multimodal analgesia plan, it was reported in the literature to be an interfascial plane block with a wide range of indications.12,20,24,25 Goel et al26 reported that intraoperative and postoperative 24-hour total opioid consumption in lumbar spinal fusion surgery was lower in the block group than in the control group. Compared to the block group, NRS scores of the control group were reported to be significantly higher in the first 48 hours after surgery. Krishna et al27 reported that the need for fentanyl decreased significantly in the intraoperative and postoperative periods in patients who underwent ESPB in the preoperative period in their randomized controlled study with 106 patients who were going to undergo cardiac surgery. In another study in which thoracic epidural analgesia and ESPB methods were compared in 50 patients who underwent cardiac surgery, they reported the amount of fentanyl used in the ESPB group in the intraoperative and postoperative period was significantly lower.28 In this study, the total opioid consumption during the MWA procedure and the total amount of opioids needed together with the post-procedure period was lower in the ESPB group (p<0.001). Although all of the patients in the control group needed additional fentanyl throughout the procedure, only 5 patients in the ESPB group needed additional fentanyl (p<0.001). The difference in total opioid consumption and additional fentanyl need during the MWA procedure in both groups can be explained in that the local anesthetic injected with ESPB moves along the fascia in the paravertebral, caudal and cephalic directions and provides effective somatic and visceral analgesia in a wide area from the C7-T2 dermatomal level to the L2-3 level.
The literature reported that ESPB provides effective analgesia as a part of multimodal analgesia in the postoperative period.23,24 Krishna et al27 reported that NRS scores were significantly lower in patients who underwent ESPB compared to the control group (p<0.05), and the time of the first analgesia was 10 hours in the ESPB group and 6 hours in the control group. In a similar study,29 it was reported that NRS scores were significantly lower at postoperative 15 and 30 mins, and 12 and 24 hours in patients who underwent USG-guided ESPB in laparoscopic cholecystectomy surgery (p<0.05). Contrary to these studies, the study of Gürkan et al30 with 50 patients undergoing breast surgery and Yörükoğlu et al31 in their study of 60 patients undergoing lumbar disc surgery, they found no significant difference in pain scores between patients in the ESPB group and control group. In this study, 40-60 mins and 4-hour NRS score values after the procedure were significantly lower in the ESPB group than the group for whom block was not applied (p=0.013, 0.001 and p=0.003). It was determined that there was no statistically significant difference between the NRS score values between the groups at other times. After the procedure, analgesic consumption and first analgesic use time were statistically similar in the groups.
Altıparmak et al29 reported no significant difference between complication rates in patients who underwent transverse abdominis plane block and ESPB. Similarly, the presence of postoperative complications (such as nausea-vomiting, hypotension, and other complications) was statistically similar in this study (p<0.001). This statistical similarity can be explained by the fact that the patients included in the study received prophylaxis treatment for nausea and vomiting along with the chemotherapeutic drugs they used. Although the MWA procedure is performed with USG, successful pain control in patients and good focus of the radiologist prevent the development of many undesirable serious complications. In this study, however, the radiologist’s satisfaction with continuing the MWA procedure without interruption was questioned, and the number of patients who expressed their satisfaction as excellent was statistically higher in the ESP block group.
Study limitations
The first limitation was that the patients had knowledge on the regional technique applied, therefore the participants could not be completely blinded to the study, since some of the patients who underwent ESPB had previous experience of MWA performed without blocking. Another limitation may be that the patients included in the study received prophylaxis against nausea/vomiting with immunosuppressive drugs, and the effect of ESPB on the incidence of nausea/vomiting could not be evaluated.
In conclusion, we believe that preemptive application of ESPB during MWA procedures has advantages such as reducing perioperative and postoperative analgesic consumption, reducing the need and amount of additional analgesics, reducing minor complications such as nausea and vomiting associated with opioids, and increasing the satisfaction of the radiologist, as well as being an effective method in terms of providing high patient satisfaction by increasing treatment compliance in repetitive sessions by preventing anxiety and psychological trauma that may occur in patients due to the procedure.
Acknowledgment
The authors gratefully acknowledge EnglishEdited.com ([email protected]) for English language editing.
Footnotes
Disclosure. Authors have no conflict of interests, and the work was not supported or funded by any drug company.
- Received April 25, 2022.
- Accepted August 8, 2022.
- Copyright: © Saudi Medical Journal
This is an Open Access journal and articles published are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License (CC BY-NC). Readers may copy, distribute, and display the work for non-commercial purposes with the proper citation of the original work.
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