Review ArticaleReview Article
Open Access

Epidemiology of communicable diseases in Jazan region

Situational assessment, risk characterization, and evaluation of prevention and control programs outcomes

Ibrahim M. Gosadi
Saudi Medical Journal November 2023, 44 (11) 1073-1084; DOI: https://doi.org/10.15537/smj.2023.44.11.20230269

References

  1. 1.↵
    General Authority for statistics of Saudi Arabia. General information about the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. [Updated 2021; accessed 2022 Dec 17]. Available from: https://www.stats.gov.sa/en/page/259
  2. 2.↵
    Saudi Ministry of Health. Statistical yearbook. [Updated 2021; accessed 2022 Dec 17]. Available from: https://www.moh.gov.sa/en/Ministry/Statistics/book/Pages/default.aspx
  3. 3.↵
    Municipality of Jazan. About Jazan. [Updated 2022; accessed 2022 Dec 17]. Available from: https://jazan.sa/ar/Pages/AboutJazan.aspx
  4. 4.↵
    Emirate of Jazan Province. Jazan Province. [Updated 2023; accessed 2022 Dec 18]. Available from: https://www.moi.gov.sa/wps/portal/Home/emirates/jeezan/
  5. 5.↵
    Invest Saudi. Jazan Province. [Updated 2021; accessed 2022 Dec 18]. Available from: https://www.investsaudi.sa/en/meetTheKingdom/province/jazan
  6. 6.↵
    1. Bani IA.
    Health needs assessment. J Fam Community Med 2008; 15: 13–20.
    OpenUrl
  7. 7.↵
    1. Al-Mekhlafi HM,
    2. Madkhali AM,
    3. Ghailan KY,
    4. Abdulhaq AA,
    5. Ghzwani AH,
    6. Zain KA, et al.
    Residual malaria in Jazan region, southwestern Saudi Arabia: the situation, challenges and climatic drivers of autochthonous malaria. Malar J 2021; 20: 315.
    OpenUrl
  8. 8.↵
    1. El Hassan IM,
    2. Sahly A,
    3. Alzahrani MH,
    4. Alhakeem RF,
    5. Alhelal M,
    6. Alhogail A, et al.
    Progress toward malaria elimination in Jazan Province, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: 2000-2014. Malar J 2015; 14: 444.
    OpenUrl
  9. 9.↵
    World Health Organization. Global malaria programme. [Updated 2023; accessed 2023 Jul 7]. Available from: https://www.who.int/teams/global-malaria-programme/elimination/countries-and-territories-certified-malaria-free-by-who
  10. 10.↵
    World Health Organization. Malaria. [Updated 2023; accessed 2023 Jul 7]. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria
  11. 11.↵
    World Health Organization. World malaria report. [Updated 2022; accessed 2023 Jul 7]. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240064898
  12. 12.↵
    1. Arya SC,
    2. Ashraf SJ,
    3. Parande CM,
    4. el-Sayed M,
    5. Sahay R,
    6. Ageel AR, et al.
    Hepatitis B virus in Gizan, Saudi Arabia. J Med Virol 1985; 17: 267–274.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  13. 13.↵
    1. Parande CM,
    2. Arya SC,
    3. Ashraf SJ.
    Hepatitis B virus among Saudi children in Gizan, Saudi Arabia. Infection 1986; 14: 223–225.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  14. 14.↵
    1. Ayoola AE,
    2. Tobaigy MS,
    3. Gadour MO,
    4. Ahmad BS,
    5. Hamza MK,
    6. Ageel AM.
    The decline of hepatitis B viral infection in South-Western Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med J 2003; 24: 991–995.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  15. 15.↵
    1. Abdullah SM.
    Prevalence of hepatitis B and C virus infection and their co-relation with hematological and hepatic parameters in subjects undergoing premarital screening in the Jazan Region, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Pak J Med Sci 2018; 34: 316–321.
    OpenUrl
  16. 16.↵
    1. Alshabi A,
    2. Fatima N,
    3. Marwan A,
    4. Oraibi KG,
    5. Qubaisi EA,
    6. Arif HO, et al.
    Epidemiology screening and genotyping analysis for hepatitis B virus in Southwestern region of Saudi Arabia. J Infect Public Health 2021; 14: 187–192.
    OpenUrl
  17. 17.↵
    1. Al-Mazrou YY,
    2. Al-Jeffri M,
    3. Khalil MK,
    4. Al-Ghamdi YS,
    5. Mishkhas A,
    6. Bakhsh M, et al.
    Screening of pregnant Saudi women for hepatitis B surface antigen. Ann Saudi Med 2004; 24: 265–269.
    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
  18. 18.↵
    1. Abdo AA,
    2. Sanai FM,
    3. Al-Faleh FZ.
    Epidemiology of viral hepatitis in Saudi Arabia: are we off the hook? Saudi J Gastroenterol 2012; 18: 349–357.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  19. 19.↵
    1. Abaalkhail FA,
    2. Al-Hamoudi WK,
    3. Khathlan A,
    4. Alghamdi S,
    5. Alghamdi M,
    6. Alqahtani SA, et al.
    SASLT practice guidelines for the management of hepatitis B virus - an update. Saudi J Gastroenterol 2021; 27: 115–126.
    OpenUrl
  20. 20.↵
    1. Aljumah AA,
    2. Babatin M,
    3. Hashim A,
    4. Abaalkhail F,
    5. Bassil N,
    6. Safwat M, et al.
    Hepatitis B care pathway in Saudi Arabia: current situation, gaps, and actions. Saudi J Gastroenterol 2019; 25: 73–80.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  21. 21.↵
    1. Ahmed AE,
    2. Salih OA.
    Determinants of the early initiation of breastfeeding in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Int Breastfeed J 2019; 14: 13.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  22. 22.↵
    Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Viral hepatitis surveillance report 2020. [Updated 2020; accessed 2023 Jul 7]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/statistics/2020surveillance/index.htm
  23. 23.↵
    1. Hsu YC,
    2. Huang DQ,
    3. Nguyen MH.
    Global burden of hepatitis B virus: current status, missed opportunities and a call for action. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 20: 524–537.
    OpenUrl
  24. 24.↵
    1. Alshabi A,
    2. Marwan A,
    3. Fatima N,
    4. Madkhali AM,
    5. Alnagai F,
    6. Alhazmi A, et al.
    Epidemiological screening and serotyping analysis of dengue fever in the Southwestern region of Saudi Arabia. Saudi J Biol Sci 2022; 29: 204–210.
    OpenUrl
  25. 25.↵
    1. Fakeeh M,
    2. Zaki AM.
    Virologic and serologic surveillance for dengue fever in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, 1994-1999. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2001; 65: 764–767.
    OpenUrlAbstract
  26. 26.↵
    1. Al-Raddadi R,
    2. Alwafi O,
    3. Shabouni O,
    4. Akbar N,
    5. Alkhalawi M,
    6. Ibrahim A, et al.
    Seroprevalence of dengue fever and the associated sociodemographic, clinical, and environmental factors in Makkah, Madinah, Jeddah, and Jizan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Acta Trop 2019; 189: 54–64.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  27. 27.↵
    1. Gamil M,
    2. Eisa Z,
    3. Eifan S,
    4. Al-Sum B.
    Prevalence of dengue fever in Jizan area, Saudi Arabia. J PURE Appl Microbiol 2014; 8: 225–231.
    OpenUrl
  28. 28.↵
    1. Al-Azraqi TA,
    2. El Mekki AA,
    3. Mahfouz AA.
    Seroprevalence of dengue virus infection in Aseer and Jizan regions, Southwestern Saudi Arabia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2013; 107: 368–371.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  29. 29.↵
    1. Al-Tawfiq JA,
    2. Memish ZA.
    Dengue hemorrhagic fever virus in Saudi Arabia: a review. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2018; 18: 75–81.
    OpenUrl
  30. 30.↵
    1. Al-Nefaie H,
    2. Alsultan A,
    3. Abusaris R.
    Temporal and spatial patterns of dengue geographical distribution in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. J Infect Public Health 2022; 15: 1025–1035.
    OpenUrl
  31. 31.↵
    1. Alsheikh AA,
    2. Mohammed WS,
    3. Noureldin EM,
    4. Daffalla OM,
    5. Shrwani YA,
    6. Hobani KJ, et al.
    Studies on Aedes aegypti resistance to some insecticides in the Jazan district, Saudi Arabia. J Egypt Soc Parasitol 2016; 46: 209–216.
    OpenUrl
  32. 32.↵
    1. Albasheer OB,
    2. Abdelmola AO,
    3. Alomaish A,
    4. Dallak A,
    5. Darraj K,
    6. hamzi M, et al.
    Knowledge, attitude and practice regarding dengue infection among Jazan inhabitants, Saudi Arabia 2019. Med Sci 2021; 25: 337–346.
    OpenUrl
  33. 33.↵
    World Health Organization. Dengue and sever dengue. [Updated 2023; accessed 2023 Jul 7]. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/dengue-and-severe-dengue
  34. 34.↵
    1. Yang X,
    2. Quam MBM,
    3. Zhang T,
    4. Sang S.
    Global burden for dengue and the evolving pattern in the past 30 years. J Travel Med 2021; 28: taab146.
  35. 35.↵
    Saudi Ministry of Health. National tuberculosis program manual 2021. [Updated 2021; accessed 2022 Dec 18]. Available from: https://www.moh.gov.sa/Documents/National-TB-program-1.pdf
  36. 36.↵
    1. Al-Orainey I,
    2. Alhedaithy MA,
    3. Alanazi AR,
    4. Barry MA,
    5. Almajid FM.
    Tuberculosis incidence trends in Saudi Arabia over 20 years: 1991-2010. Ann Thorac Med 2013; 8: 148–152.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  37. 37.↵
    1. Darraj MA,
    2. Abdulhaq AA,
    3. Yassin A,
    4. Mubarki S,
    5. Shalaby HM,
    6. Keynan Y, et al.
    Tuberculosis among people living with HIV/AIDS in Jazan Region, Southwestern Saudi Arabia. J Infect Public Health 2021; 14: 1571–1577.
    OpenUrl
  38. 38.↵
    World Health Organization. Global tuberclosis report 2022. [Updated 2022; accessed 2023 Jul 7]. Available from: https://www.who.int/teams/global-tuberculosis-programme/tb-reports/global-tuberculosis-report-2022/tb-disease-burden/2-1-tb-incidence
  39. 39.↵
    1. Chakaya J,
    2. Khan M,
    3. Ntoumi F,
    4. Aklillu E,
    5. Fatima R,
    6. Mwaba P, et al.
    Global tuberculosis report 2020 - reflections on the global TB burden, treatment and prevention efforts. Int J Infect Dis 2021; 113 Suppl 1: S7–S12.
  40. 40.↵
    1. Al-Tawfiq JA,
    2. AbuKhamsin A,
    3. Memish ZA
    . Epidemiology and impact of varicella vaccination: a longitudinal study 1994-2011. Travel Med Infect Dis 2013; 11: 310–314.
    OpenUrl
  41. 41.↵
    1. Alanazi KH,
    2. Bin Saleh GM,
    3. Hathout HM,
    4. Shiha HR,
    5. El Sherbini SG,
    6. Al Saqer TA, et al.
    Investigation of varicella outbreak among residents and healthcare workers in psychiatric hospital- Saudi Arabia. Arch Environ Occup Health 2021; 76: 116–120.
    OpenUrl
  42. 42.↵
    1. Feng H,
    2. Zhang H,
    3. Ma C,
    4. Zhang H,
    5. Yin D,
    6. Fang H.
    National and provincial burden of varicella disease and cost-effectiveness of childhood varicella vaccination in China from 2019-2049: a modelling analysis. Lancet Reg Health West Pac 2022; 32: 100639.
    OpenUrl
  43. 43.↵
    1. Zhang W,
    2. He Z,
    3. Li P,
    4. Zeng W,
    5. Feng J,
    6. Dong X, et al.
    The necessity for popularizing varicella-zoster virus vaccine programs worldwide: an age-period-cohort analysis for the Global Burden of Disease study 2019. J Infect Public Health 2023; 16: 1093–1101.
    OpenUrl
  44. 44.↵
    1. Daulagala SWPL,
    2. Noordeen F.
    Epidemiology and factors influencing varicella infections in tropical countries including Sri Lanka. Virusdisease 2018; 29: 277–284.
    OpenUrl
  45. 45.↵
    1. Abuzaid AA,
    2. Aldahan MA,
    3. Helal MAA,
    4. Assiri AM,
    5. Alzahrani MH.
    Visceral leishmaniasis in Saudi Arabia: from hundreds of cases to zero. Acta Trop 2020; 212: 105707.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  46. 46.↵
    1. Abdelhaleem A,
    2. Dhayhi N,
    3. Mahfouz MS,
    4. Dafalla O,
    5. Mubarki M,
    6. Hamedhi F, et al.
    Diagnosis and causative species of visceral leishmaniasis in Southwest Saudi Arabia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2021; 105: 654–659.
    OpenUrl
  47. 47.↵
    1. Ibrahim EA
    , al-Zahrani MA, al-Tuwaigri AS, al-Shammary FJ, Evans DA. Leishmania infecting man and wild animals in Saudi Arabia. 9. The black rat (Rattus rattus) a probable reservoir of visceral leishmaniasis in Gizan province, south-west Saudi Arabia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1992; 86: 513–514.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  48. 48.↵
    1. Al-Orainey IO,
    2. Gasim IY,
    3. Singh LM,
    4. Ibrahim B,
    5. Ukabam SO,
    6. Gonchikar D, et al.
    Visceral leishmaniasis in Gizan, Saudi Arabia. Ann Saudi Med 1994; 14: 396–398.
    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
  49. 49.↵
    World Health Organization. Leishmaniasis. [Updated 2023; accessed 2023 Jul 7]. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/leishmaniasis
  50. 50.↵
    1. Wamai RG,
    2. Kahn J,
    3. McGloin J,
    4. Ziaggi G.
    Visceral leishmaniasis: a global overview. J Glob Health Sci 2020; 2: e3.
    OpenUrl
  51. 51.↵
    1. Memish ZA,
    2. Bamgboye EA,
    3. Mohammed M,
    4. AlHakeem R,
    5. Al-Tawfiq JA,
    6. Assiri A.
    Secular trend and epidemiology of measles in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: 2009-2012. Travel Med Infect Dis 2015; 13: 74–79.
    OpenUrl
  52. 52.↵
    1. Khalil MK,
    2. Al-Mazrou YY,
    3. AlHowasi MN,
    4. Al-Jeffri M.
    Measles in Saudi Arabia: from control to elimination. Ann Saudi Med 2005; 25: 324–328.
    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
  53. 53.↵
    World Health Organization. Measles. [Updated 2023; accessed 2023 Jul 7]. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/measles
  54. 54.↵
    1. Venkatesan P.
    Worrying global decline in measles immunisation. Lancet Microbe 2022; 3: e9.
    OpenUrl
  55. 55.↵
    1. Ageel AR,
    2. Amin MA.
    Integration of schistosomiasis-control activities into the primary-health-care system in the Gizan region, Saudi Arabia. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 1997; 91: 907–915.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  56. 56.↵
    1. Butrous G.
    Saudi guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary hypertension: schistosomiasis and pulmonary arterial hypertension. Ann Thorac Med 2014; 9: S38–S41.
    OpenUrl
  57. 57.↵
    World Health Organization. Schistosomiasis. [Updated 2023; accessed 2023 Jul 7]. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/schistosomiasis
  58. 58.↵
    1. Verjee MA.
    Schistosomiasis: still a cause of significant morbidity and mortality. Res Rep Trop Med 2019; 10: 153–163.
    OpenUrl
  59. 59.↵
    European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Salmonellosis - annual epidemiological report for 2020. [Updated 2022; accessed 2022 Jul 7]. Available from: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/salmonellosis-annual-epidemiological-report-2020
  60. 60.↵
    World Health Organization. Hepatitis C. [Updated 2022; accessed 2023 Jun 7]. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hepatitis-c
  61. 61.↵
    1. Zheng Y,
    2. Ying M,
    3. Zhou Y,
    4. Lin Y,
    5. Ren J,
    6. Wu J.
    Global burden and changing trend of hepatitis C virus infection in HIV-positive and HIV-negative MSM: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8: 774793.
    OpenUrl
  62. 62.↵
    1. Al-Azraqi TA,
    2. El Mekki AA,
    3. Mahfouz AA.
    Rift Valley fever in Southwestern Saudi Arabia: a sero-epidemiological study 7 years after the outbreak of 2000-2001. Acta Trop 2012; 123: 111–116.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  63. 63.↵
    Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Outbreak of Rift Valley fever--Yemen, August-October 2000. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2000; 49: 1065–1066.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  64. 64.↵
    1. Alhaj M,
    2. Al-Ataif M,
    3. Almanea A.
    Eighteen years of implementation of a control programme against Rift Valley fever, 2000-2018, Saudi Arabia: a review study. Rev Sci Tech 2020; 39: 883–893.
    OpenUrl
Back to top

In this issue

Print
Download PDF
Email Article
Citation Tools
Bookmark this article

Jump to section

Keywords