Socio-demographic determinants of influenza vaccination uptake behavior: A nationwide cross-sectional study in Saudi Arabia

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Figure 1
- Uptake of flu (influenza) vaccine among the study participants (N=1650).

Table 1

- Socio-demographic characteristics of the study population (N=1650).

Values are presented as numbers and precentages (%).

Table 2

- Logistic regression analysis for socio-demographic determinants towards uptake of seasonal flu vaccine among respondents in Saudi Arabia.

Variables	“Received a seasonal flu vaccine for the 2019-2020 flu season”
Variables	OR (95% CI)	P-values	Adjusted OR (95% CI)	P-values
Age
18-25	Ref		Ref
26-35	1.13 (0.69-2.35)	0.803	1.11 (0.51-1.56)	0.412
36-45	0.89 (0.60-1.25)	0.453	0.95 (0.48-1.44)	0.226
above 45	2.41 (1.00-4.15)	0.049	2.20 (1.15-3.05)	0.002
Gender
Male	Ref		Ref
Female	0.73 (0.55-0.96)	0.029	0.80 (0.58-1.10)	0.181
Marital status
Single	Ref		Ref
Separated/divorced/widowed	1.36 (0.76-2.41)	0.293	1.71 (0.97-3.14)	0.090
Married	2.13 (1.20-3.06)	0.001	1.75 (1.28-3.51)	0.001
Nationality
Saudi	Ref		Ref
Non-Saudi	1.27 (0.89-2.90)	0.177	1.38 (0.81-2.84)	0.425
City of residence
Riyadh	Ref		Ref
Dammam	0.94 (0.66-1.33)	0.733	0.96 (0.66-1.40)	0.869
Jeddah	1.21 (0.79-1.85)	0.378	1.23 (0.79-1.92)	0.350
Others	1.35 (0.96-1.90)	0.076	1.41 (0.99-2.00)	0.055
Highest education
High school	Ref		Ref
Diploma	1.14 (0.71-1.83)	0.572	1.06 (0.63-1.78)	0.801
Under graduate	1.11 (0.75-1.62)	0.593	1.17 (0.78-1.76)	0.438
Post graduate	2.78 (0.87-4.31)	0.260	1.51 (1.05-2.23)	0.044
Current occupation
Not working	Ref		Ref
Private/self-employed	1.31 (0.70-2.57)	0.939	1.19 (0.73-2.68)	0.630
Government	1.39 (1.04-1.85)	0.024	1.47 (0.97-2.23)	0.063

Values are presented as odds ratio (OR) and adjusted OR and 95% confidence interval (CI).

Table 3

- Logistic Regression analysis for factors potentially associated with the uptake of flu vaccine among respondents in Saudi Arabia (N=1650).

Variables	“Received a seasonal flu vaccine for the 2019-2020 flu season”
Variables	OR (95% CI)	P-values	Adjusted OR (95% CI)	P-values
Have you ever refused a vaccine for yourself or a child because you considered it as ineffective or dangerous? (Perceived risk)
No	Ref		Ref
Yes	1.83 (1.32-4.21)	0.042	2.15 (1.30-5.72)	0.001
Do you know there is a vaccine available for flu, which should be taken yearly to protect yourself and your family from flu? (Knowledge regarding seasonal flu vaccine)
No	Ref		Ref
Yes	2.32 (1.03-5.37)	0.028	1.71 (1.08-4.22)	0.001
Have you ever received a flu vaccine? (Behavior towards vaccination)
No	Ref		Ref
Yes	2.85 (1.03-4.80)	0.031	2.25 (0.92-4.92)	0.081
Have you ever postponed a vaccine recommended by a physician? (History of hesitancy)
Yes	Ref		Ref
No	2.30 (0.61-4.80)	0.088	2.12 (0.85-4.90)	0.078