Short sleep duration is a novel independent risk factor for overweight and obesity

Article Figures & Data

Table 1

- Demographic data of 1724 study participants.

Demographic categories	n (%)
Gender
Females	956 (55.4)
Males	768 (44.5)
Age (years)
16 - >19	982 (56.9)
19-22	742 (43.0)
College
Foundation year	212 (12.2)
College of medicine	754 (43.7)
College of nursing	456 (26.4)
College of clinical pharmacy	213 (12.3)
College of dentistry	89 (5.16)
Body mass index
Underweight	256 (14.8)
Normal weight	968 (56.1)
Overweight + obese	500 (29.0)
Sleep duration
Short sleepers	393 (22.8)
Normal sleepers	959 (55.6)
Long sleepers	372 (21.6)
Physical activity
Inactive	539 (31.0)
Active	1185 (68.7)
Number of meals (day)
Consuming ≥3 meals/day	553 (32.0)
Consuming ≤3 meals/day	1171 (67.9)
Intake of junk food
Consuming junk food ≥5 days/week	883 (51.2)
Consuming junk food <5 days/week	841 (48.7)

Values are presented as numbers and precentages (%).

Table 2

- Comparing mean body mass index between various groups (n=1724) of sleep duration (one-way analysis of variance).

Sleep duration	n (%)	Mean BMI	P-values
Shorts sleepers (group1)	393 (22.7)	24.2±6.5	0.001^*
Normal sleepers (group2)	959 (55.6)	23.03±5.5
Long sleepers (group3)	372 (21.6)	23.2±5.7
Pairwise comparison of BMI between various sleep groups by LSD test
Short sleepers versus normal sleepers (G1 vs G2)			<0.001^*
Short sleepers versus long sleepers (G1 vs G3)			0.041
Long sleepers versus normal sleepers (G3 vs G1)			0.770

Values are presented as numbers and precentages (%).

↵* Statistically significant. BMI: body mass index, LSD: least significant difference

Table 3

- The association of various risk factors with sleep duration (Chi-square test).

Factors	Short sleepers (n=393)	Normal sleepers (n=959)	Long sleepers (n=372)	P-values
UW	46 (11.7)	152 (15.8)	58 (15.6)	0.0527
NW	213 (54.2)	549 (57.2)	206 (55.4)	0.312
OW+OB	134 (34.1)	258 (26.9)	108 (29.0)	0.010^*
Frequent intake of junk food	225 (57.4)	455 (48.6)	203 (54.4)	<0.003^*
High food intake	161 (41.0)	265 (27.6)	127 (34.1)	<0.001^*
Decreased physical activity	154 (39.1)	253 (26.3)	132 (35.4)	<0.001^*

Values are presented as numbers and precentages (%).

↵* Statistically significant. UW: underweight, NW: normal weight, OW: overweight, OB: obesity

Table 4

- The association of overweight and obesity with various lifestyle behaviors.

Lifestyle behaviors	Univariate analysis (unadjusted ORs)		Multivariate analysis (adjusted ORs)
Lifestyle behaviors	Overweight/obese	P-values	Overweight/obese	P-values
Physical activity
Inactive (low physical activity based on IPAQ scores)	1.17 (1.06-2.1)	0.037^*	1.6 (1.01-2.5)	0.046^*
High food intake
Consuming >3 meals/day	1.6 (1.3-2)	<0.001^*	1.5 (1.014-2.1)	0.042^*
Frequent intake of junk food
Consuming junk food ≥5 days/week	1.001 (0.8-1.3)	0.9	1.1 (0.6-1.3)	0.57
Short sleep duration
<7 hours/24 hours	1.4 (1.07-1.7)	0.011^*	1.47 (1.01-2.2)	0.049^*