Prevalence of microvascular complications among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who visited diabetes clinics in Saudi Arabia

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- Patients’ associated comorbidity. COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
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Figure 2
- Microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Table 1

- Baseline characteristics of the patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (N=935).

Variable	n (%)
Age group
≤45 years	83 (08.9)
46–55 years	269 (28.8)
56–65 years	317 (33.9)
>65 years	266 (28.4)
Gender
Male	429 (45.9)
Female	506 (54.1)
National Guard ospital location
Al Ahsa	724 (77.4)
Dammam	211 (22.6)
Nationality
Saudi	932 (99.7)
Non-Saudi	03 (0.30)
Body mass index
Normal (18.5–24.9 kg/m²)	57 (06.1)
Overweight (25–29.9 kg/m²)	225 (24.1)
Obese (≥30 kg/m²)	653 (69.8)
Onset of DM
<3 years	62 (06.6)
>3 years	873 (93.4)
Patient complaints of microvascular complications
Yes	489 (52.3)
No	446 (47.7)
Onset of microvascular complications of DM (n=489)
<3 years	132 (27.0)
>3 years	357 (73.0)
Patient visited an ophthalmology clinic for retinopathy screening
Yes	515 (55.1)
No	420 (44.9)
Management plan^*
Lifestyle modification	505 (54.0)
Oral hypoglycemic medication	844 (90.3)
Injection therapy	401 (42.9)
	Mean±SD
Last HbA1c result	8.04±2.83
Second-to-last HbA1c result	8.03±2.72
Third-to-last HbA1c result	7.99±3.14

↵* Variable with multiple responses. HbA1c: glycated hemoglobin A1c, SD: standard deviation, DM: diabetes mellitus

Table 2

- Relationship between microvascular complications of DM and the baseline characteristics of the patients with type 2 DM (N=935).

Factor	Yes (n=489)	No (n=446)	P-value^{^§}
Age group
≤55 years	148 (30.3)	204 (45.7)	<0.001^**
>55 years	341 (69.7)	242 (54.3)	<0.001^**
Gender
Male	219 (44.8)	210 (47.1)	0.481
Female	270 (55.2)	236 (52.9)	0.481
National Guard hospital location
Al Ahsa	331 (67.7)	393 (88.1)	<0.001^**
Dammam	158 (32.3)	53 (11.9)	<0.001^**
BMI
Normal (18.5–24.9 kg/m²)	27 (05.5)	30 (06.7)	0.246
Overweight (25–29.9 kg/m²)	128 (26.2)	97 (21.7)
Obese (≥30 kg/m²)	334 (68.3)	319 (71.5)
Onset of DM
<3 years	27 (05.5)	35 (07.8)	0.153
>3 years	462 (94.5)	411 (92.2)	0.153
Patient visited an ophthalmology clinic for retinopathy screening
Yes	326 (66.7)	189 (42.4)	<0.001^**
No	163 (33.3)	257 (57.6)	<0.001^**
Management plan^*
Lifestyle modification	227 (46.4)	278 (62.3)	<0.00^**
Oral hypoglycemic medication	435 (89.0)	409 (91.7)	0.157
Injection therapy	252 (51.5)	149 (33.4)	<0.00^**
	Mean±SD	Mean±SD	p-value^{^‡}
Last HbA1c result	8.09±1.71	7.97±3.69	0.506
Second-to-last HbA1c result	8.22±3.41	7.83±1.63	0.030^**
Third-to-last HbA1c result	7.99±1.63	8.01±4.23	0.900

Values are presented as number and percentage (%).

HbA1c: glycated hemoglobin A1c, SD: standard deviation, DM: diabetes mellitus, BMI: body mass index

Table 3

- Multivariate regression analysis of the independent significant factors associated with microvascular complications of DM (N=935)

Factor	AOR	95% CI	P-value
Age group
≤55 years	Ref
>55 years	1.764	1.320–2.356	<0.001^**
National Guard hospital location
Al Ahsa	0.410	0.267–0.630	<0.001^**
Dammam	Ref
Patient visited an ophthalmology clinic for retinopathy screening
No	Ref
Yes	2.408	1.800–3.222	<0.001^**
Lifestyle modification
No	Ref
Yes	0.786	0.566–1.093	0.152
Injection therapy
No	Ref
Yes	2.219	1.638–3.006	<0.001^**
Second-to-last HbA1c result	0.949	0.875–1.029	0.207