Predictors of antibiotic use in pregnant women attending Najran University Hospital, Saudi Arabia

Ali M. Alshabi; Majed S. Alshahrani; Basel A. Abdel-Wahab; Masood M. Khateeb; Ibrahim A. Shaikh; Basheerahmed A. Mannasaheb

doi:10.15537/smj.2023.44.3.20220762

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Table 1

- Socio-demographic characteristics of the study participants (N=125).

Characteristics	n	(%)
Age
<18 years	1	0.8
18-25 years	32	25.6
25-35 years	35	28.0
30-35 years	49	39.2
35-40 years	7	5.6
Above 40 years	1	0.8
Nationality
Saudi	84	67.2
Indian	4	3.2
Yemeni	9	7.2
Egyptian	12	9.6
Syrian	1	0.8
Jordanian	4	3.2
Palestinian	1	0.8
Sudanese	9	7.2
Other	1	0.8
Body mass index
<18	-	-
18.5 to 25	38	30.4
25-30	53	42.4

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Table 2

- Prevalence of antibiotic use, course of treatment, adverse drug reaction, and abnormality in lab tests after antibiotic use among pregnant women (N=125).

Characteristics	Use of antibiotics			Treatment period (course) of antibiotics
Characteristics	Yes (%)	No (%)	P-value	<1 week (%)	1 week (%)	2 weeks (%)	Not used (%)	P-value
Age^†
<18 years	1 (0.8)	0	0.027^*	0	1 (0.8)	0	0	0.342
18-25 years	10 (8.0)	22 (17.6)		6 (4.8)	4 (3.2)	0	22 (17.6)
25-30 years	3 (2.4)	32 (25.6)		1 (0.8)	2 (1.6)	0	32 (25.6)
30-35 years	16 (12.8)	33 (26.4)		8 (6.4)	7 (5.6)	1 (0.8)	33 (26.4)
35-40 years	3 (2.4)	4 (3.2)		1 (0.8)	2 (1.6)	0	4 (3.2)
>40 years	0	1 (0.8)		0	0	0	1 (0.8)
Nationality^{^†}
Saudi	25 (20.0)	59 (47.2)	0.142	12 (9.6)	13 (10.4)	0	59 (47.2)	0.300
Indian	0	4 (3.2)		0	0	0	4 (3.2)
Yemeni	3 (2.4)	6 (4.8)		3 (2.4)	0	0	6 (4.8)
Egyptian	1 (0.8)	11 (8.8)		0	1 (0.8)	0	11 (8.8)
Syrian	0	1 (0.8)		0	0	0	1 (0.8)
Jordanian	0	4 (3.2)		0	0	0	4 (3.2)
Palestinian	1 (0.8)	0		0	0	1 (0.8)	0
Sudanese	3 (2.4)	6 (4.8)		1 (0.8)	2 (1.6)	0	6 (4.8)
Others	0	1 (0.8)		0	0	0	1 (0.8)
Body mass index^{^†}
<18	-	-	0.160	-	-	-	-	0.198
18.5-25	11 (8.8)	27 (21.6)		3 (2.4)	8 (6.4)	0	27 (21.6)
25-30	17 (13.6)	36 (28.8)		10 (8.0)	6 (4.8)	1 (0.8)	36 (28.8)
>30	5 (4.0)	29 (23.2)		3 (2.4)	2 (1.6)	0	29 (23.2)
History of miscarriage^{^§}
Yes	16 (12.8)	42 (33.6)	0.840	7 (5.6)	9 (7.2)	0	42 (33.6)	0.586
No	17 (13.6)	50 (40.0)	0.840	9 (7.2)	7 (5.6)	1 (0.8)	50 (40.0)	0.586
Order of current pregnancy^{^†}
First	2 (1.6)	14 (11.2)	0.039*	2 (1.6)	0	0	14 (11.2)	0.159
Second	12 (9.6)	21 (16.8)		5 (4.0)	7 (5.6)	0	21 (16.8)
Third	3 (2.4)	18 (14.4)		1 (0.8)	2 (1.6)	0	18 (14.4)
Fourth	4 (3.2)	22 (17.6)		3 (2.4)	1 (0.8)	0	22 (17.6)
Above fourth	12 (9.6)	17 (13.6)		5 (4.0)	6 (4.8)	1 (0.8)	17 (13.6)
Weeks of current pregnancy ^†
5-10 weeks	6 (4.8)	9 (7.2)	0.290	1 (0.8)	5 (4.0)	0	9 (7.2)	0.132
10-15 weeks	2 (1.6)	14 (11.2)		0	2 (1.6)	0	14 (11.2)
15-20 weeks	9 (7.2)	15 (12.0)		5 (4.0)	3 (2.4)	1 (0.8)	15 (12.0)
20-25 weeks	8 (6.4)	19 (15.2)		7 (5.6)	1 (0.8)	0	19 (15.2)
25-30 weeks	4 (3.2)	17 (13.6)		2 (1.6)	2 (1.6)	0	17 (13.6)
30-35 weeks	4 (3.2)	18 (14.4)		1 (0.8)	3 (2.4)	0	18 (14.4)
Presence of other disease^†
Hypertension	0	2 (1.6)	0.535	0	0	0	2 (1.6)	0.994
Gestational diabetes	0	1 (0.8)		0	0	0	1 (0.8)
Asthma	0	1 (0.8)		0	0	0	1 (0.8)
Inflammatory bowel disease	0	1 (0.8)		0	0	0	1 (0.8)
No	33 (26.4)	87 (69.6)		16 (12.8)	16 (12.8)	1 (0.8)	87 (69.6)

Values are presented as number and percentages (%).
↵^† Likelihood ratio test,
↵^§ Fisher’s exact test,
↵^* p<0.05

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Table 2

- Prevalence of antibiotic use, course of treatment, adverse drug reaction, and abnormality in lab tests after antibiotic use among pregnant women (continuation) (N=125).

Characteristics	ADR occurred afteusing antibiotics?			Abnormality in lab tests afterusing antibiotics?
Characteristics	Yes (%)	No (%)	P-value	Yes (%)	No (%)	P-value
Age^†
<18 years	1 (0.8)	0	0.257	0	1 (0.8)	0.122
18-25 years	12 (9.6)	20 (16.0)		0	32 (25.6)
25-30 years	12 (9.6)	23 (18.4)		5 (4.0)	30 (24.0)
30-35 years	17 (13.6)	32 (25.6)		5 (4.0)	44 (35.2)
35-40 years	5 (4.0)	2 (1.6)		0	7 (5.6)
>40 years	0	1 (0.8)		0	1 (0.8)
Nationality^†
Saudi	31 (24.8)	53 (42.4)	0.774	7 (5.6)	77 (61.6)	0.626
Indian	2 (1.6)	2 (1.6)		1 (0.8)	3 (2.4)
Yemeni	4 (3.2)	5 (4.0)		0	9 (7.2)
Egyptian	4 (3.2)	8 (6.4)		2 (1.6)	10 (8.0)
Syrian	0	1 (0.8)		0	1 (0.8)
Jordanian	1 (0.8)	3 (2.4)		0	4 (3.2)
Palestinian	1 (0.8)	0		0	1 (0.8)
Sudanese	4 (3.2)	5 (4.0)		0	9 (7.2)
Others	0	1 (0.8)		0	1 (0.8)
Body mass index^†
<18	-	-	0.046^*	-	-	0.401
18.5-25	17 (13.6)	21 (16.8)		5 (4.0)	33 (26.4)
25-30	23 (18.4)	30 (24.0)		3 (2.4)	50 (40.0)
Above 30	7 (5.6)	27 (21.6)		2 (1.6)	32 (25.6)
History of miscarriage^{^§}
Yes	26 (20.8)	32 (25.6)	0.141	4 (3.2)	54 (43.2)	0.751
No	21 (16.8)	46 (36.8)	0.141	6 (4.8)	61 (48.8)	0.751
Order of current pregnancy^{^†}
First	5 (4.0)	11 (8.8)	0.823	1 (0.8)	15 (12.0)	0.061
Second	11 (8.8)	22 (17.6)		0	33 (26.4)
Third	9 (7.2)	12 (9.6)		2 (1.6)	19 (15.2)
Fourth	9 (7.2)	17 (13.6)		5 (4.0)	21 (16.8)
Above fourth	13 (10.4)	16 (12.8)		2 (1.6)	27 (21.6)
Weeks of current pregnancy^†
5-10 weeks	9 (7.2)	6 (4.8)	0.230	0	15 (12.0)	0.489
10-15 weeks	7 (5.6)	9 (7.2)		1 (0.8)	15 (12.0)
15-20 weeks	11 (8.8)	13 (10.4)		1 (0.8)	23 (18.4)
20-25 weeks	7 (5.6)	20 (16.0)		3 (2.4)	24 (19.2)
25-30 weeks	7 (5.6)	14 (11.2)		3 (2.4)	18 (14.4)
30-35 weeks	6 (4.8)	16 (12.8)		2 (1.6)	20 (16.0)
Presence of other disease^{^†}
Hypertension	2 (1.6)	0	0.099	0	2 (1.6)	0.218
Gestational diabetes	0	1 (0.8)		0	1 (0.8)
Asthma	0	1 (0.8)		0	1 (0.8)
Inflammatory bowel disease	1 (0.8)	0		1 (0.8)	0
No	44 (35.2)	76 (60.8)		9 (7.2)	111 (88.8)

Values are presented as number and percentages (%).

↵^† Likelihood ratio test,
↵^§ Fisher’s exact test,
↵^* p<0.05, ADR: adverse drug reaction

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Table 3

- Multivariate logistic regression analysis identifying the variables associated with the use of antibiotics during pregnancy.

Independent variables	Variable coefficient (B)	P-value	OR (95% CI) adjusted^{^*}
Did you use antibiotics during pregnancy? (YES)
Age
Below 30 years	-0.726	0.183	0.484 (0.166-0.1.41)
Above 30 years	-	-	1.00
Nationality
Saudi	0.513	0.370	1.670 (0.545-5.120)
Non-Saudi	-	-	1.00
Body mass index
18.5 to 25	1.188	0.093	3.28 (0.821-13.103)
25-30	1.223	0.069	3.398 (0.910-12.69)
Above 30	-	-	1.00
History of miscarriage
Yes	-0.548	0.319	0.578 (0.196-1.700)
No	-	-	1.00
Order of current pregnancy
First	-2.064	0.049	0.127 (0.016-1.011) *
Second	-0.364	0.637	0.695 (0.154-3.143)
Third	-1.995	0.031	0.136 (0.022-0.829) *
Fourth	-1.558	0.049	0.210 (0.044-0.966) *
Above 4^th	-	-	1.00
Weeks of current pregnancy
5-10 weeks	1.396	0.113	4.040 (0.718-22.728)
10-15 weeks	-0.467	0.648	0.627 (0.085-4.639)
15-20 weeks	0.973	0.220	2.647 (0.559-12.542)
20-25 weeks	1.411	0.076	4.100 (0.861-19.515)
25-30 weeks	0.389	0.658	1.475 (0.263-8.266)
30-35 weeks	-	-	1.00