Skip to main content

Main menu

  • Home
  • Content
    • Latest
    • Archive
    • home
  • Info for
    • Authors
    • Reviewers
    • Subscribers
    • Institutions
    • Advertisers
    • Join SMJ
  • About Us
    • About Us
    • Editorial Office
    • Editorial Board
  • More
    • Advertising
    • Alerts
    • Feedback
    • Folders
    • Help
  • Other Publications
    • NeuroSciences Journal

User menu

  • My alerts
  • Log in

Search

  • Advanced search
Saudi Medical Journal
  • Other Publications
    • NeuroSciences Journal
  • My alerts
  • Log in
Saudi Medical Journal

Advanced Search

  • Home
  • Content
    • Latest
    • Archive
    • home
  • Info for
    • Authors
    • Reviewers
    • Subscribers
    • Institutions
    • Advertisers
    • Join SMJ
  • About Us
    • About Us
    • Editorial Office
    • Editorial Board
  • More
    • Advertising
    • Alerts
    • Feedback
    • Folders
    • Help
  • Follow psmmc on Twitter
  • Visit psmmc on Facebook
  • RSS
Review ArticleReview Article
Open Access

Corticosteroids treatment for pediatric acute respiratory syndrome

A critical review

Khouloud A. Al-Sofyani
Saudi Medical Journal May 2023, 44 (5) 440-449; DOI: https://doi.org/10.15537/smj.2023.44.5.20220672
Khouloud A. Al-Sofyani
From the Department of Pediatric, Pediatric Critical Care Unit, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
PhD
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • For correspondence: [email protected]
  • Article
  • Figures & Data
  • eLetters
  • Info & Metrics
  • References
  • PDF
Loading

References

  1. 1.↵
    1. Ashbaugh DG,
    2. Bigelow DB,
    3. Petty TL,
    4. Levine BE
    . Acute respiratory distress in adults. Lancet 1967; 2: 319–323.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  2. 2.↵
    1. Katzenstein AL,
    2. Bloor CM,
    3. Leibow AA
    . Diffuse alveolar damage--the role of oxygen, shock, and related factors. A review. Am J Pathol 1976; 85: 209–228.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  3. 3.↵
    1. Bernard GR,
    2. Artigas A,
    3. Brigham KL,
    4. Carlet J,
    5. Falke K,
    6. Hudson L, et al.
    The American-European Consensus Conference on ARDS. Definitions, mechanisms, relevant outcomes, and clinical trial coordination. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994; 149: 818–824.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  4. 4.↵
    1. Force ADT,
    2. Ranieri VM,
    3. Rubenfeld GD,
    4. Thompson BT,
    5. Ferguson ND,
    6. Caldwell E, et al.
    Acute respiratory distress syndrome: the Berlin Definition. JAMA 2012; 307: 2526–2533.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  5. 5.↵
    Pediatric Acute Lung Injury Consensus Conference G. Pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome: consensus recommendations from the Pediatric Acute Lung Injury Consensus Conference. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2015; 16: 428–439.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  6. 6.↵
    1. Beltramo F,
    2. Khemani RG
    . Definition and global epidemiology of pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome. Ann Transl Med 2019; 7: 502.
    OpenUrl
  7. 7.↵
    1. Gupta S,
    2. Sankar J,
    3. Lodha R,
    4. Kabra SK
    . Comparison of Prevalence and Outcomes of Pediatric Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Using Pediatric Acute Lung Injury Consensus Conference Criteria and Berlin Definition. Front Pediatr 2018; 6: 93.
    OpenUrl
  8. 8.↵
    1. Rowan CM,
    2. Smith LS,
    3. Loomis A,
    4. McArthur J,
    5. Gertz SJ,
    6. Fitzgerald JC, et al.
    Pediatric Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Pediatric Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplants: A Multicenter Study. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2017; 18: 304–309.
    OpenUrl
  9. 9.↵
    1. Killien EY,
    2. Mills B,
    3. Watson RS,
    4. Vavilala MS,
    5. Rivara FP
    . Morbidity and Mortality Among Critically Injured Children With Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Crit Care Med 2019; 47: e112–e119.
    OpenUrl
  10. 10.↵
    1. Calfee CS,
    2. Janz DR,
    3. Bernard GR,
    4. May AK,
    5. Kangelaris KN,
    6. Matthay MA, et al.
    Distinct molecular phenotypes of direct vs indirect ARDS in single-center and multicenter studies. Chest 2015; 147: 1539–1548.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  11. 11.
    1. Willson DF,
    2. Truwit JD,
    3. Conaway MR,
    4. Traul CS,
    5. Egan EE
    . The Adult Calfactant in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Trial. Chest 2015; 148: 356–364.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  12. 12.
    1. Luo L,
    2. Shaver CM,
    3. Zhao Z,
    4. Koyama T,
    5. Calfee CS,
    6. Bastarache JA, et al.
    Clinical Predictors of Hospital Mortality Differ Between Direct and Indirect ARDS. Chest 2017; 151: 755–763.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  13. 13.↵
    1. National Heart L,
    2. Blood Institute ACTN,
    3. Truwit JD,
    4. Bernard GR,
    5. Steingrub J,
    6. Matthay MA, et al.
    Rosuvastatin for sepsis- associated acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med 2014; 370: 2191–2200.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  14. 14.↵
    1. Yehya N,
    2. Keim G,
    3. Thomas NJ
    . Subtypes of pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome have different predictors of mortality. Intensive Care Med 2018; 44: 1230–1239.
    OpenUrl
  15. 15.↵
    1. Dowell JC,
    2. Parvathaneni K,
    3. Thomas NJ,
    4. Khemani RG,
    5. Yehya N
    . Epidemiology of Cause of Death in Pediatric Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Crit Care Med 2018; 46: 1811–1819.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  16. 16.↵
    1. Schouten LR,
    2. Veltkamp F,
    3. Bos AP,
    4. van Woensel JB,
    5. Serpa Neto A,
    6. Schultz MJ, et al.
    Incidence and Mortality of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Crit Care Med 2016; 44: 819–829.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  17. 17.↵
    1. Cornfield DN
    . Acute respiratory distress syndrome in children: physiology and management. Curr Opin Pediatr 2013; 25: 338–343.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  18. 18.↵
    1. Randolph AG
    . Management of acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome in children. Crit Care Med 2009; 37: 2448–2454.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  19. 19.↵
    1. Smith LS,
    2. Zimmerman JJ,
    3. Martin TR
    . Mechanisms of acute respiratory distress syndrome in children and adults: a review and suggestions for future research. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2013; 14: 631–643.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  20. 20.↵
    1. Bakowitz M,
    2. Bruns B,
    3. McCunn M
    . Acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome in the injured patient. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med 2012; 20: 54.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  21. 21.↵
    1. Allareddy V,
    2. Cheifetz IM
    . Clinical trials and future directions in pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome. Ann Transl Med 2019; 7: 514.
    OpenUrl
  22. 22.↵
    1. Saharan S,
    2. Lodha R,
    3. Kabra SK
    . Management of acute lung injury/ARDS. Indian J Pediatr 2010; 77: 1296–1302.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  23. 23.↵
    Organized jointly by the American Thoracic Society tERStESoICM, the Societe de Reanimation de Langue F, approved by Ats Board of Directors D. International Consensus Conferences in Intensive Care Medicine: noninvasive positive pressure ventilation in acute Respiratory failure. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 163: 283–291.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  24. 24.↵
    1. Essouri S,
    2. Carroll C
    , Pediatric Acute Lung Injury Consensus Conference G. Noninvasive support and ventilation for pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome: proceedings from the Pediatric Acute Lung Injury Consensus Conference. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2015; 16: S102–S110.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  25. 25.↵
    1. El-Nawawy A,
    2. Moustafa A,
    3. Heshmat H,
    4. Abouahmed A
    . High frequency oscillatory ventilation versus conventional mechanical ventilation in pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome: A randomized controlled study. Turk J Pediatr 2017; 59: 130–43.
    OpenUrl
  26. 26.↵
    1. Cheifetz IM
    . Pediatric ARDS. Respir Care 2017; 62: 718–731.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  27. 27.↵
    1. Kneyber MCJ,
    2. Cheifetz IM,
    3. Curley MAQ
    . High-frequency oscillatory ventilation for PARDS: awaiting PROSPect. Crit Care 2020; 24: 118.
    OpenUrl
  28. 28.↵
    1. Ingelse SA,
    2. Wosten-van Asperen RM,
    3. Lemson J,
    4. Daams JG,
    5. Bem RA,
    6. van Woensel JB
    . Pediatric Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: Fluid Management in the PICU. Front Pediatr 2016; 4: 21.
    OpenUrl
  29. 29.↵
    1. Wong JJ,
    2. Han WM,
    3. Sultana R,
    4. Loh TF,
    5. Lee JH
    . Nutrition Delivery Affects Outcomes in Pediatric Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2017; 41: 1007–1013.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  30. 30.↵
    1. Curley MA,
    2. Wypij D,
    3. Watson RS,
    4. Grant MJ,
    5. Asaro LA,
    6. Cheifetz IM, et al.
    Protocolized sedation vs usual care in pediatric patients mechanically ventilated for acute respiratory failure: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2015; 313: 379–389.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  31. 31.↵
    1. Kollef MH,
    2. Schuster DP
    . The acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med 1995; 332: 27–37.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  32. 32.
    1. Efrati O,
    2. Sadeh-Gornik U,
    3. Modan-Moses D,
    4. Barak A,
    5. Szeinberg A,
    6. Vardi A, et al.
    Flexible bronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage in pediatric patients with lung disease. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2009; 10: 80–84.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  33. 33.
    1. Gong MN,
    2. Thompson BT,
    3. Williams P,
    4. Pothier L,
    5. Boyce PD,
    6. Christiani DC
    . Clinical predictors of and mortality in acute respiratory distress syndrome: potential role of red cell transfusion. Crit Care Med 2005; 33: 1191–1198.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  34. 34.↵
    1. Cullen ML
    . Pulmonary and respiratory complications of pediatric trauma. Respir Care Clin N Am 2001; 7: 59–77.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  35. 35.↵
    1. Thompson BT,
    2. Chambers RC,
    3. Liu KD
    . Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. N Engl J Med 2017; 377: 562–572.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  36. 36.↵
    1. Nahum E,
    2. Ben-Ari J,
    3. Stain J,
    4. Schonfeld T
    . Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytic syndrome: Unrecognized cause of multiple organ failure. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2000; 1: 51–54.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  37. 37.↵
    1. Ranieri VM,
    2. Suter PM,
    3. Tortorella C,
    4. De Tullio R,
    5. Dayer JM,
    6. Brienza A, et al.
    Effect of mechanical ventilation on inflammatory mediators in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 1999; 282: 54–61.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  38. 38.↵
    1. Parsons PE,
    2. Eisner MD,
    3. Thompson BT,
    4. Matthay MA,
    5. Ancukiewicz M,
    6. Bernard GR, et al.
    Lower tidal volume ventilation and plasma cytokine markers of inflammation in patients with acute lung injury. Crit Care Med 2005; 33: 1–6; discussion 230-2.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  39. 39.↵
    1. Dolinay T,
    2. Kim YS,
    3. Howrylak J,
    4. Hunninghake GM,
    5. An CH,
    6. Fredenburgh L, et al.
    Inflammasome-regulated cytokines are critical mediators of acute lung injury. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2012; 185: 1225–1234.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  40. 40.↵
    1. Brinkmann V,
    2. Reichard U,
    3. Goosmann C,
    4. Fauler B,
    5. Uhlemann Y,
    6. Weiss DS, et al.
    Neutrophil extracellular traps kill bacteria. Science 2004; 303: 1532–1535.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  41. 41.
    1. Clark SR,
    2. Ma AC,
    3. Tavener SA,
    4. McDonald B,
    5. Goodarzi Z,
    6. Kelly MM, et al.
    Platelet TLR4 activates neutrophil extracellular traps to ensnare bacteria in septic blood. Nat Med 2007; 13: 463–469.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  42. 42.
    1. Demers M,
    2. Wagner DD
    . NETosis: a new factor in tumor progression and cancer-associated thrombosis. Semin Thromb Hemost 2014; 40: 277–283.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  43. 43.
    1. Hirose T,
    2. Hamaguchi S,
    3. Matsumoto N,
    4. Irisawa T,
    5. Seki M,
    6. Tasaki O, et al.
    Presence of neutrophil extracellular traps and citrullinated histone H3 in the bloodstream of critically ill patients. PLoS One 2014; 9: e111755.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  44. 44.↵
    1. Li P,
    2. Li M,
    3. Lindberg MR,
    4. Kennett MJ,
    5. Xiong N,
    6. Wang Y
    . PAD4 is essential for antibacterial innate immunity mediated by neutrophil extracellular traps. J Exp Med 2010; 207: 1853–1862.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  45. 45.↵
    1. Nakajima T,
    2. Suarez CJ,
    3. Lin KW,
    4. Jen KY,
    5. Schnitzer JE,
    6. Makani SS, et al.
    T cell pathways involving CTLA4 contribute to a model of acute lung injury. J Immunol 2010; 184: 5835–5841.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  46. 46.
    1. D’Alessio FR,
    2. Tsushima K,
    3. Aggarwal NR,
    4. West EE,
    5. Willett MH,
    6. Britos MF, et al.
    CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Tregs resolve experimental lung injury in mice and are present in humans with acute lung injury. J Clin Invest 2009; 119: 2898–2913.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  47. 47.
    1. Yu ZX,
    2. Ji MS,
    3. Yan J,
    4. Cai Y,
    5. Liu J,
    6. Yang HF, et al.
    The ratio of Th17/Treg cells as a risk indicator in early acute respiratory distress syndrome. Crit Care 2015; 19: 82.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  48. 48.
    1. Adamzik M,
    2. Broll J,
    3. Steinmann J,
    4. Westendorf AM,
    5. Rehfeld I,
    6. Kreissig C, et al.
    An increased alveolar CD4 + CD25 + Foxp3 + T-regulatory cell ratio in acute respiratory distress syndrome is associated with increased 30-day mortality. Intensive Care Med 2013; 39: 1743–1751.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  49. 49.↵
    1. Gaffen SL
    . Structure and signalling in the IL-17 receptor family. Nat Rev Immunol 2009; 9: 556–567.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  50. 50.↵
    1. Villar J,
    2. Ferrando C,
    3. Martinez D,
    4. Ambros A,
    5. Munoz T,
    6. Soler JA, et al.
    Dexamethasone treatment for the acute respiratory distress syndrome: a multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Respir Med 2020; 8: 267–276.
    OpenUrl
  51. 51.↵
    1. Stapleton RD,
    2. Wang BM,
    3. Hudson LD,
    4. Rubenfeld GD,
    5. Caldwell ES,
    6. Steinberg KP
    . Causes and timing of death in patients with ARDS. Chest 2005; 128: 525–32.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  52. 52.↵
    1. Yehya N,
    2. Servaes S,
    3. Thomas NJ,
    4. Nadkarni VM,
    5. Srinivasan V
    . Corticosteroid exposure in pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome. Intensive Care Med 2015; 41: 1658–1666.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  53. 53.↵
    1. Cutrera R,
    2. Baraldi E,
    3. Indinnimeo L,
    4. Miraglia Del Giudice M,
    5. Piacentini G,
    6. Scaglione F, et al.
    Management of acute respiratory diseases in the pediatric population: the role of oral corticosteroids. Ital J Pediatr 2017; 43: 31.
    OpenUrl
  54. 54.↵
    1. Lin P,
    2. Zhao Y,
    3. Li X,
    4. Jiang F,
    5. Liang Z
    . Decreased mortality in acute respiratory distress syndrome patients treated with corticosteroids: an updated meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials with trial sequential analysis. Critical Care 2021; 25: 122.
    OpenUrl
  55. 55.↵
    1. Bernard GR,
    2. Luce JM,
    3. Sprung CL,
    4. Rinaldo JE,
    5. Tate RM,
    6. Sibbald WJ, et al.
    High-dose corticosteroids in patients with the adult respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med 1987; 317: 1565–1570.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  56. 56.↵
    1. Mitting RB,
    2. Ray S,
    3. Raffles M,
    4. Egan H,
    5. Goley P,
    6. Peters M, et al.
    Improved oxygenation following methylprednisolone therapy and survival in paediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome. PLoS One 2019; 14: e0225737.
    OpenUrl
  57. 57.↵
    1. De Luca D,
    2. Minucci A,
    3. Cogo P,
    4. Capoluongo ED,
    5. Conti G,
    6. Pietrini D, et al.
    Secretory phospholipase A(2) pathway during pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome: a preliminary study. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2011; 12: e20–e24.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  58. 58.↵
    1. Tamburro RF,
    2. Kneyber MC
    , Pediatric Acute Lung Injury Consensus Conference G. Pulmonary specific ancillary treatment for pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome: proceedings from the Pediatric Acute Lung Injury Consensus Conference. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2015; 16: S61–S72.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  59. 59.↵
    1. Martinot A,
    2. Fourier C,
    3. Cremer R,
    4. Hue V,
    5. Deschildre A,
    6. Leclerc F
    . Short-course, high-dose corticosteroid treatment in six children with late ARDS. Pediatr Pulmonol 1997; 23: 314–316.
    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
  60. 60.
    1. Goh AY,
    2. Sekaran D,
    3. Roziah M
    . Corticosteroid rescue in late paediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome. Respirology 1999; 4: 295–297.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  61. 61.
    1. Guglani L,
    2. Jain S,
    3. Lodha R
    . Methylprednisolone therapy in a child with unresolving ARDS. Indian Pediatr 2006; 43: 639–642.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  62. 62.↵
    1. Haselton DJ,
    2. Klekamp JG,
    3. Christman BW,
    4. Barr FE
    . Use of high-dose corticosteroids and high-frequency oscillatory ventilation for treatment of a child with diffuse alveolar hemorrhage after bone marrow transplantation: case report and review of the literature. Crit Care Med 2000; 28: 245–248.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  63. 63.↵
    1. Drago BB,
    2. Kimura D,
    3. Rovnaghi CR,
    4. Schwingshackl A,
    5. Rayburn M,
    6. Meduri GU, et al.
    Double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot randomized trial of methylprednisolone infusion in pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2015; 16: e74–e81.
    OpenUrl
  64. 64.↵
    1. Ruan SY,
    2. Lin HH,
    3. Huang CT,
    4. Kuo PH,
    5. Wu HD,
    6. Yu CJ
    . Exploring the heterogeneity of effects of corticosteroids on acute respiratory distress syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care 2014; 18: R63.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  65. 65.↵
    1. Taubenberger JK,
    2. Morens DM
    . The pathology of influenza virus infections. Annu Rev Pathol 2008; 3: 499–522.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  66. 66.↵
    1. Streng A,
    2. Prifert C,
    3. Weissbrich B,
    4. Liese JG,
    5. Bavarian PSGoI
    , Other Viral ARI. Continued high incidence of children with severe influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 admitted to paediatric intensive care units in Germany during the first three post- pandemic influenza seasons, 2010/11-2012/13. BMC Infect Dis 2015; 15: 573.
    OpenUrl
  67. 67.↵
    1. Tongyoo S,
    2. Permpikul C,
    3. Mongkolpun W,
    4. Vattanavanit V,
    5. Udompanturak S,
    6. Kocak M, et al.
    Hydrocortisone treatment in early sepsis-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome: results of a randomized controlled trial. Crit Care 2016; 20: 329.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  68. 68.↵
    1. Drucis M,
    2. Irga-Jaworska N,
    3. Mysliwiec M.
    [Steroid-induced diabetes in the paediatric population]. Pediatr Endocrinol Diabetes Metab 2018; 2018: 136–139. Polish
    OpenUrl
  69. 69.↵
    1. Gregoriou K,
    2. Craigie I,
    3. Gibson B,
    4. Mason A,
    5. Shaikh MG
    . Risk factors and management of corticosteroid-induced hyperglycaemia in paediatric acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2020; 67: e28085.
    OpenUrl
  70. 70.↵
    1. Barshes NR,
    2. Goodpastor SE,
    3. Goss JA
    . Pharmacologic immunosuppression. Front Biosci 2004; 9: 411–420.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  71. 71.↵
    1. Guarnotta V,
    2. Ferrigno R,
    3. Martino M,
    4. Barbot M,
    5. Isidori AM,
    6. Scaroni C, et al.
    Glucocorticoid excess and COVID-19 disease. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2021; 22: 703–714.
    OpenUrl
PreviousNext
Back to top

In this issue

Saudi Medical Journal: 44 (5)
Saudi Medical Journal
Vol. 44, Issue 5
1 May 2023
  • Table of Contents
  • Cover (PDF)
  • Index by author
Print
Download PDF
Email Article

Thank you for your interest in spreading the word on Saudi Medical Journal.

NOTE: We only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it, and that it is not junk mail. We do not capture any email address.

Enter multiple addresses on separate lines or separate them with commas.
Corticosteroids treatment for pediatric acute respiratory syndrome
(Your Name) has sent you a message from Saudi Medical Journal
(Your Name) thought you would like to see the Saudi Medical Journal web site.
Citation Tools
Corticosteroids treatment for pediatric acute respiratory syndrome
Khouloud A. Al-Sofyani
Saudi Medical Journal May 2023, 44 (5) 440-449; DOI: 10.15537/smj.2023.44.5.20220672

Citation Manager Formats

  • BibTeX
  • Bookends
  • EasyBib
  • EndNote (tagged)
  • EndNote 8 (xml)
  • Medlars
  • Mendeley
  • Papers
  • RefWorks Tagged
  • Ref Manager
  • RIS
  • Zotero
Share
Corticosteroids treatment for pediatric acute respiratory syndrome
Khouloud A. Al-Sofyani
Saudi Medical Journal May 2023, 44 (5) 440-449; DOI: 10.15537/smj.2023.44.5.20220672
Twitter logo Facebook logo Mendeley logo
  • Tweet Widget
  • Facebook Like
  • Google Plus One
Bookmark this article

Jump to section

  • Article
    • Abstract
    • Acknowledgment
    • Footnotes
    • References
  • Figures & Data
  • eLetters
  • References
  • Info & Metrics
  • PDF

Related Articles

  • No related articles found.
  • PubMed
  • Google Scholar

Cited By...

  • No citing articles found.
  • Google Scholar

More in this TOC Section

  • Harnessing artificial intelligence for infection control and prevention in hospitals
  • Effects of antidiabetic drugs on the level of serum uric acid in patients who have type 2 diabetes
  • The future of personalized medicine in Saudi Arabia
Show more Review Article

Similar Articles

Keywords

  • PARDS
  • ARDS
  • steroid
  • PALICC

CONTENT

  • home

JOURNAL

  • home

AUTHORS

  • home
Saudi Medical Journal

© 2025 Saudi Medical Journal Saudi Medical Journal is copyright under the Berne Convention and the International Copyright Convention.  Saudi Medical Journal is an Open Access journal and articles published are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License (CC BY-NC). Readers may copy, distribute, and display the work for non-commercial purposes with the proper citation of the original work. Electronic ISSN 1658-3175. Print ISSN 0379-5284.

Powered by HighWire