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Variables All Ischemic CS Non-ischemic CS Post-operative CS P-value Count 188 118 64 6 Demographics Age in years 64.3 (14.3) 65.6 (12.7) 62.6 (16.8) 55 (12.7) 0.109 Male gender 119 (63.3) 83 (70.3) 33 (51.6) 3 (50.0) 0.024 Known medical conditions Diabetes mellitus 134 (71.3) 88 (74.6) 42 (65.6) 4 (66.7) 0.418 Heart failure 114 (60.6) 67 (56.8) 44 (68.8) 3 (50.0) 0.244 Hypertension 122 (64.9) 76 (64.4) 42 (65.6) 4 (66.7) 1.000 Arrythmia 36 (19.1) 21 (17.8) 14 (21.9) 1 (16.7) 0.821 Cardiomyopathy 15 (8.0) 6 (5.1) 9 (14.1) 0 (0.0) 0.131 Valvular disorder 44 (23.4) 25 (21.2) 16 (25.0) 3 (50.0) 0.226 Mitral regurgitation 28 (14.9) 19 (16.1) 8 (12.5) 1 (16.7) 0.739 Aortic regurgitation 13 (6.9) 5 (4.2) 6 (9.4) 2 (33.3) 0.021 Renal disease 78 (41.5) 44 (37.3) 34 (53.1) 0 (0.0) 0.013 Pulmonary disease 62 (33.0) 31 (26.3) 30 (46.9) 1 (16.7) 0.010 Vital signs HR at admission (BPM) 92.1 (27.1) 92.1 (28.1) 91.5 (26.3) 101.3 (13.0) 0.789 RR at admission (per minute) 25.3 (8.2) 25.4 (7.6) 25.5 (9.5) 20.3 (2.1) 0.466 O2 saturation at admission (%) 94.2 (6.9) 94.6 (6.1) 93.5 (8.1) 92.5 (11.0) 0.594 SBP at admission (mmHg) 120.9 (29.4) 121.7 (31.1) 118.1 (26.9) 137.8 (10.9) 0.397 Lowest SBP (mmHg) 92.5 (23.5) 93.4 (22.8) 90.5 (23.6) 94.5 (41.3) 0.779 DBP at admission (mmHg) 66.8 (18.8) 67.0 (19.6) 66.0 (16.7) 71.5 (27.2) 0.838 Lowest DBP (mmHg) 50.3 (16.2) 50.8 (16.5) 49.0 (14.2) 56.0 (31.1) 0.650 Investigations Lowest hemoglobin (g/dL) 8.8 (3.1) 9.0 (2.6) 8.6 (4.0) 7.9 (1.0) 0.605 Lowest LVEF (%) 32.2 (13.7) 31.0 (12.0) 34.5 (15.9) 30.0 (18.4) 0.284 Highest creatinine (µmol/L) 402.3 (265.5) 439.1(283.7) 347.6 (224.6) 270.3 (171.8) 0.039 Highest BUN (mmol/L) 28.4 (16.7) 26.9 (15.4) 32.3 (18.5) 16.8 (11.8) 0.025 Lowest platelet count (x109/L) 131.4 (107.0) 135.1 (118.9) 128.2 (85.0) 93.0 (67.2) 0.619 Highest lactic acid (mmol/L) 13.0 (35.4) 11.4 (23.6) 15.8 (49.0) 5.9 (1.3) 0.729 Highest PT (sec) 44.8 (142.9) 47.4 (179.3) 41.2 (30.0) 30.2 (7.5) 0.932 Highest PTT (sec) 83.4 (37.8) 85.2 (39.6) 79.2 (35.2) 91.5 (30.1) 0.518 Highest ALT (U/L) 887.2 (1697.5) 1134.3 (2043.8) 489.4 (719.0) 353.8 (493.4) 0.037 Highest AST (U/L) 2834.7 (4481.3) 3177.5 (4697.4) 1982.5 (3653.7) 5357.8 (6911.3) 0.091 Outcome In-hospital mortality 160 (85.1) 104 (88.1) 52 (81.3) 4 (66.7) 0.155 CS: cardiogenic shock, HR: heart rate, RR: respiratory rate, SBP: systolic blood pressure, DBP: diastolic blood pressure, LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction, BUN: blood urea nitrogen, PT: prothrombin time, PTT: partial thromboplastin time, ALT: alanine aminotransferase, AST: aspartate aminotransferase. Age and measurements shown are represented as mean (standard deviation [SD]), and one-way ANOVA was used for statistical analysis. Gender, known medical conditions, and outcomes are represented as frequency (percentage within the CS subgroup); the statistical test used was the Chi-squared test
- Table 2
- Medical management, mechanical supportive treatment, and interventions for cardiogenic shock patients.
Variables All Ischemic CS Non-ischemic CS Post-operative CS P-value Dopamine 94 (50.0) 61 (51.7) 31 (48.4) 2 (33.3) 0.707 Dobutamine 67 (35.6) 46 (39.0) 19 (29.7) 2 (33.3) 0.433 Norepinephrine 100 (53.2) 65 (55.1) 32 (50.0) 3 (50.0) 0.790 Epinephrine 83 (44.1) 56 (47.5) 25 (39.1) 2 (33.3) 0.528 Digoxin 24 (12.8) 9 (7.6) 13 (20.3) 2 (33.3) 0.011 Thrombolysis 13 (6.9) 12 (92.3) 1 (7.7) 0 (0.0) 0.097 IV Antiplatelet 32 (17.0) 17 (14.4) 15 (23.4) 0 (0.0) 0.197 Oral Antiplatelet 164 (87.2) 112 (94.9) 47 (73.4) 5 (83.3) 0.000 IV Anticoagulant 153 (81.4) 103 (87.3) 47 (73.4) 3 (50.0) 0.008 Oral Anticoagulant 19 (10.1) 11 (9.3) 6 (9.4) 2 (33.3) 0.197 IABP 37 (19.7) 36 (30.5) 0 (0.0) 1 (16.7) 0.000 Mechanical ventilation 115 (61.2) 78 (66.1) 35 (54.7) 2 (33.3) 0.122 PCI 53 (28.3) 51 (43.2) 1 (1.6) 1 (16.7) 0.000 CABG 20 (10.6) 15 (12.7) 3 (4.7) 2 (33.3) 0.044 CS: cardiogenic shock, IV: intravenous, IABP: intra-aortic balloon pump, PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention, CABG: coronary artery bypass grafting. Data are represented as frequency (percentage within the CS subgroup), statistical test used was Chi-squared test
Variables Odds ratio 95% CI P-value Age 1.026 0.985–1.070 0.219 Gender 0.444 0.138–1.433 0.175 Diabetes mellitus 0.589 0.151–2.303 0.447 Hypertension 2.052 0.576–7.306 0.267 Pulmonary disease 0.324 0.086–1.222 0.096 Renal disease 1.000 0.292–3.425 1.000 Heart failure 1.009 0.280–3.629 0.990 Arrhythmia 1.230 0.265–5.699 0.791 Valvular disorder 0.258 0.070–0.954 0.042 Dopamine 4.346 1.068–17.675 0.040 Dobutamine 0.123 0.029–0.515 0.004 Norepinephrine 0.344 0.078–1.515 0.158 Epinephrine 16.216 2.987–88.044 0.001 Digoxin 0.277 0.054–0.959 0.044 Thrombolysis 0.328 0.027–3.962 0.381 IV antiplatelet 0.969 0.234–4.013 0.965 Oral antiplatelet 0.094 0.007–1.180 0.067 IV anticoagulant 1.125 0.290–4.370 0.864 Oral anticoagulant 1.300 0.228–7.416 0.768 Mechanical ventilation 2.505 0.728–8.620 0.145 IABP 1.220 0.138–10.810 0.858 PCI 1.324 0.180–9.720 0.782 IV: intravenous, IABP: intra-aortic balloon pump, PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention, CABG: coronary artery bypass grafting, CI: confidence interval
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