Article Figures & Data
Tables
- Table 1
- Summarize all prevalence, risk factor, ABO genes report from various studies in Saudi Arabia.
Study City Period Prevalence of MDR A. baumannii/percentage Risk Factors ABO Genes Ref King Fahad National Guard Hospital Riyadh 2004-2009 The susceptibility of A. baumannii to imipenem (55% to 10%), meropenem (33% to 10%), ciprofloxacin (22% to 10%), and amikacin (12% to 6%) was greatly reduced. N/A N/A 39 King Abdulaziz Medical City Hospital Riyadh 2006-2008 Resistance against Meropenem (92.1%), Imipenem (79.1%) N/A N/A 40 Riyadh Military Hospital Riyadh January to December 2009 Resistance against Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (96), Piperacillin/tazobactam (93), Ciprofloxacin (92) N/A N/A 41 Tertiary Hospital Riyadh January to December 2010 Resistance against Ceftazidime (78), Cefepime (78), Aztreonam (78), Imipenem (89), Meropenem (89), Tigecycline (56), Colistin (30) N/A GES-5 makes A. baumannii resistant to carbapenems. 42 King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre Riyadh 2008-2012 Resistance against Imipenem and Meropenem (54%), but it was sensitivity to Tigecycline and Colistin (57%). Diabetic patients blaOXA-23, blaOXA-24/40 44 Multiple hospitals Various regions including Riyadh, Jeddah, Al Medina Al Munawwarah, and Makkah 2018-2019 N/A Mechanically ventilated patients, military hospitals, and fewer ICU beds N/A 45 Security Forces Hospital Riyadh 2006, 2009, and 2012 Considering years 2006, 2009 and 2012, the susceptibilities to meropenem and imipenem were 64–81.2%, 34.5–45.3%, and 8.3–11%, respectively N/A N/A 46 Tertiary care hospital Riyadh 2006-2014 The PER-1 locus is highly prevalent among carbapenem-resistant. N/A PER-1 47 King Fahad Specialist Hospital Buraidah January to December 2011 Resistance against Ciprofloxacin (90%), Ceftazidime (89%), Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (66%) N/A N/A 48 Al-Rass General Hospital Al-Rass December 2014 to March 2015 Resistance against Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (100), Ciprofloxacin (100%), Piperacillin (100%), Ceftazidime (100%), Trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole (100%), Gentamicin (90.9%), Amikacin (80%) N/A N/A 49 Territory care hospital in Qassim Qassim area March - December 2017 Multidrug resistance (57.7%), Carbapenem (56.8%) N/A blaOXA-23 like gene and ISAba1 50 King Fahad Specialist Hospital Dammam January - June of 2014 Among tested carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii (CRAB) isolates: 100% resistance against ciprofloxacin and cefepime, 62.9% resistance to gentamicin, 51.4% resistance to tigecycline, and 40% resistance to amikacin. No significant difference in colistin resistance compared to carbapenem-susceptible Acinetobacter bacteria ICU patients N/A 51 Tertiary care hospital Dammam January 2010 until February 2012 Sensitive to the antibiotic colistin. Ceftazidime (85.1%), Cefepime (73.8%) Resistance against Imipenem were 32.6%, while Meropenem was found to be 33.3% ICU patients Carbapenem resistance came from blaOXA-23 at ISAba1. 52 King Fahd Hospital of the University Al Khobar February to September 2014 Resistance against Imipenem 93.3% and Meropenem 96.6% ERIC-PCR genotyped CRAB 53 seven major hospitals Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia 2008-2012 69% showed carbapenem resistance, N/A Gene blaVIM 54 General hospital General hospital in Saudi Arabia’s Eastern region N/A 35.5% of surfaces tested were contaminated with multidrug-resistant isolates of carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii Environmental contamination, blaOXA-66, blaOXA-69, and blaGES 55 King Abdul-Aziz Hospital Jeddah January 2010 - December 2013 The prevalence of MDR and PDR A. baumannii increased from 55% and 20% respectively in 2010 to 67% and 33% in 2013.Resistance against 100% Ceftriaxone, 92.3 % Gentamycine, Cefepine 88.7%, Levofloxacin 88.5%, Piperacelli/Tazobactam 88.4%, Ciprofloxacin 88.4%, Meropenem 88.2%, Ceftazidme 88.2%, Imipenem 86.5%, Amikacin 84.6%, Trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole 69.3%, while Colistin and Tigecycline were with no resistance N/A blaOXA-66, blaADC-25, blaOXA-23 49 N/A Jeddah 1998-2004 prevalence of multidrug resistance to cefoxitin (89%), nitrofurantoin (89%), and ampicillin (86%), only 3% of isolates demonstrated imipenem resistance N/A N/A 56 King Abdulaziz Hospital Jeddah 2015 N/A N/A strains expressed the resistance genes blaOXA-66, blaADC-25, as well as blaOXA-23 57 Tertiary Hospital Madinah 2018 Summer had 39.15% of these infections, autumn 28.17%, winter 26.48%, and spring 6.2%. Respiratory system infection, summer months N/A 58 Two hospitals Makkah January -June 2015 Beta-lactam resistance was high. Ceftazidime was also resistant to A. baumannii (n=16, 77%). N/A N/A 59 Local hospitals Makkah from 2012- 2014 High prevalence of A. baumannii ESBL producers
94 % were found to be resistant to cefepime and ceftazidime, and aztreonamICU Bla, TEM, SHV, and CTX-M-group genes 1, 2, 8, 9, and 25 were examined. Additionally, bla-OXA51-like and bal-OXA23-like genes 60 Al-Noor Specialist Hospital, and Hera Hospital Makkah October 2005 to March 2006 The most prevalent Gram-negative bacteria A. baumannii (10.8%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (8.3%), Klebsiella sp. (6.2%), Haemophilus influenzae (3.7%), Enterobacter (1.9%), Proteus (3.3%).50%-100% resistance to most antimicrobial drugs N/A N/A 61 Different major hospitals Makkah and Jeddah N/A A. baumannii isolates showed tigecycline and colistin susceptibility, whereas 81 and 84% were resistant to imipenem and meropenem, respectively. The presence of underlying diseases was identified as a significant risk factor for A. baumannii high drug resistance. blaOXA, blaVIM, and ISAba1 62 Seven different hospitals Makkah February-April 2011 resistance rates to multiple agents, including piperacillin (93.1%), tetracycline (76.4%), aztreonam (80.5), cefotaxime (75%), and ampicillin (76.4%). N/A N/A 63 Al Noor Specialist Makkah 1 January 2012 and 31 August 2012 The study showed that some drugs, like ceftazidime (92%), imipenem (83.3%), trimethoprim (83%), gentamicin (72.7%), and amikacin (79%), have alarmingly high rates of resistance to more than one drug. Nosocomial infections caused by Acinetobacter are linked to being in the ICU and being exposed to invasive treatments. N/A 64 Al-Noor Specialist Hospital Makkah between 2012 and 2015 A. baumannii 1710 (99.13%) was carbapenem-resistant. N/A N/A 65 Community Hospital Al Jouf, N/A 7.1% of isolates were resistant to most commonly used antibiotics Multidrug-resistant organisms can cause.Surgical site infection and increase mortality. N/A 66 N/A Al Jouf, January - December 2019 Carbapenem resistance shows hospital antimicrobial medication non-compliance.A. baumannii was resistant to several 1st to 4th generation cephalosporins, 87% of isolates were sensitive to ceftriaxone Resistant BSI-causing microorganisms make infection management difficult and complicate treatment, RFLP patterns 67 Prince Mutaib Bin Abdulaziz Hospital Al Jouf, January-December 2017 Carbapenem resistance indicates hospital antimicrobial treatment noncompliance. Hospitals struggle to handle resistant BSI-causing bacteria, 68 N/A Aseer 2013-2014 Highly resistant to cefepime (89.8%), ciprofloxacin (82.9%), and gentamicin (81.5%) ISAba1/OXA-23 and ISAba1/OXA-24 72 Tertiary care hospital Najran October 2012 to March 2013 Highly resistant to ciprofloxacin (75%), imipenem (25%), meropenem (50%), and nitrofurantoin (50%) the incidence of ESBL development in the region. N/A 17 King Khalid Hospital Najran Cefuroxime was 79%, amikacin was 43%, and colistin was 8% include old age, chronic diseases, and invasive procedures N/A 73 Acinetobacter baumannii: A. baumannii, MDR: multidrug resistance, ICU: intensive care units, Ref: reference, N/A: not applicable
Acinetobacter baumannii: A. baumannii, MDR: multidrug resistance, ICU: intensive care units, Ref: reference?, N/A: not applicable, CRAB: carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii
Acinetobacter baumannii: A. baumannii, MDR: multidrug resistance, ICU: intensive care units, Ref: reference?, N/A: not applicable, CRAB: carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii, BSI: bloodstream infection
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