Incidence, patterns, and management of frontal sinus fractures: A 10-year retrospective study at a tertiary medical center, Saudi Arabia

Article Figures & Data

Table 1

- The distribution of patterns, locations, and types of frontal bone fractures.

Table 2

- The reported complications with different types of frontal fractures.

Complications	All patients (n=72)	Anterior (n=42)	Anterior & posterior (n=27)	Posterior (n=3)	P-values
Neurological
Seizures	2 (2.8)	-	2 (7.4)	-	0.180
Facial weakness	4 (5.6)	3 (7.1)	1 (3.7)	-	0.327
Headache	4 (5.6)	2 (4.8)	2 (7.4)	-	0.817
CSF leak	1 (1.4)	-	1 (3.7)	-	0.430
Facial paresthesia	2 (2.8)	1 (2.4)	1 (3.7)	-	0.907
Epilepsy	2 (2.8)	-	2 (7.4)	-	0.180
Anosmia	1 (1.4)	1 (2.4)	-	-	0.696
Total	16 (22.2)	7 (16.7)	9 (33.3)	-	0.171
Ophthalmic
Diplopia	6 (8.3)	4 (9.5)	2 (7.4)	-	0.827
Ptosis	1 (1.4)	-	1 (3.7)	-	0.430
Epiphora	2 (2.8)	1 (2.4)	-	1 (33.3)	0.696
Enophthalmos	1 (1.4)	-	1 (3.7)	-	0.430
Optic nerve injury	1 (1.4)	-	1 (3.7)	-	0.430
Total	11 (15.3)	5 (11.9)	5 (18.5)	1 (33.3)	0.511
Infections
Infected wound	1 (1.4)	-	1 (3.7)	-	0.430
Osteomyelitis	1 (1.4)	-	1 (3.7)	-	0.430
Total	2 (2.8)		2 (7.4)	-	0.181
Facial deformity	12 (16.7)	7 (16.7)	5 (18.5)	-	0.717

Values are presented as numbers and percentages (%). The percentages were calculated within the fracture type.
CSF: cerebrospinal fluid

Table 3

- The reported complications with different types of treatment.

Complications	Conservative treatment (n=26)	Surgical treatment (n=46)			P-values
Complications	Conservative treatment (n=26)	COF (n=11)	OF (n=11)	Fixation only (n=24)	P-values
Neurological
Seizures	-	1 (9.1)	-	1 (4.1)	0.415
Facial weakness	-	1 (9.1)	1 (9.1)	2 (8.3)	0.492
Headache	-	1 (9.1)	1 (9.1)	2 (8.3)	0.492
CSF leak	-	1 (9.1)	-	-	0.131
Facial paresthesia	-	-	-	2 (8.3)	0.249
Epilepsy	-	1 (9.1)	1 (9.1)	-	0.197
Anosmia	-	-	-	1 (4.1)	0.567
Total	0 (0.0)	5 (45.4)	3 (27.3)	8 (33.3)	0.005
Ophthalmic
Diplopia	3 (11.5)	-	-	3 (12.5)	0.408
Ptosis	-	-	1 (9.1)	-	0.131
Epiphora	1 (3.8)	-	-	1 (4.1)	0.832
Enophthalmos	-	-	-	1 (4.1)	0.567
Optic nerve injury	-	1 (9.1)	-	-	0.131
Total	4 (15.4)	1 (9.1)	1 (9.1)	5 (20.8)	0.391
Infections
Infected wound	-	1 (9.1)	-	-	0.131
Osteomyelitis	-	1 (9.1)	-	-	0.131
Total	0 (0.0)	2 (18.2)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0.010
Facial deformity	4 (15.4)	2 (18.2)	-	6 (25)	0.327

Values are presented as numbers and percentages (%). The percentages were calculated within the type of treatment.
COF: cranialization with obliteration and fixation, OF: obliteration and fixation, CSF: cerebrospinal fluid

Table 4

- Early and late complications.

Complications	Early	Late	All patients (n=72)
Seizures	2 (2.8)	-	2 (2.8)
Facial weakness	4 (5.6)	-	4 (5.6)
Headache	1 (1.4)	3 (4.2)	4 (5.6)
CSF leak	1 (1.4)	-	1 (1.4)
Facial paresthesia	1 (1.4)	1 (1.4)	2 (2.8)
Epilepsy	2 (2.8)	0 (0.0)	2 (2.8)
Anosmia	-	1 (1.4)	1 (1.4)
Diplopia	6 (8.3)	-	6 (8.3)
Ptosis	1 (1.4)	-	1 (1.4)
Epiphora	2 (2.8)	-	2 (2.8)
Enophthalmos	1 (1.4)	-	1 (1.4)
Optic nerve injury	1 (1.4)	-	1 (1.4)
Infected wound	1 (1.4)	-	1 (1.4)
Osteomyelitis	-	1 (1.4)	1 (1.4)
Facial deformity	8 (11.1)	4 (5.6)	12 (16.7)