The effect on back pain, anxiety, and comfort levels of an elevated supine position and back support applied to patients undergoing coronary angiography: A randomized controlled experimental study

Ayşe Soylu; Medet Korkmaz

doi:10.15537/smj.2024.45.7.20240201

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Figure 1
- Consort diagram of the study.

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Table 1

- Comparisons of the sociodemographic characteristics of the groups.

Variables	Groups				Test statistics
	Control		Intervention		χ²	P-value
	n	%	n	%	χ²	P-value
Age groups (years)
18-50	12	22.6	13	25.5	0.136	0.968
51-65	22	41.5	21	41.2
>65	19	35.9	17	33.3
Gender
Male	32	60.4	38	74.5	2.359	0.147
Female	21	39.6	13	25.5	2.359	0.147
Marital status
Married	48	90.6	47	92.2	0.083	>0.999
Single	5	9.4	4	7.8	0.083	>0.999
Education level
Illiterate	10	18.9	7	13.7	4.788	0.312
Literate	2	3.8	6	11.8
Primary school	30	56.6	23	45.1
Middle school	7	13.2	12	23.5
Further education	4	7.5	3	5.9
Employment status
Employed	16	30.2	8	15.7	3.130	0.104
Unemployed	37	69.8	43	84.3	3.130	0.104
Occupation
Manual worker	3	5.7	0	0.0	5.998	0.302
Clerical worker	3	5.7	3	5.9
Self-employed	6	11.3	9	17.6
Retired	15	28.3	19	37.3
Housewife	20	37.7	12	23.5
Other	6	11.3	8	15.7
Health insurance
Retired	6	11.3	3	5.9	4.154	0.389
SSK	35	66.0	32	62.7
Bağkur	3	5.7	2	3.9
Green card	9	17.0	11	21.6
Other	0	0.0	3	5.9
Income
Income less than outgoings	46	86.8	45	88.2	0.049	>0.999
Income equivalent to outgoings	7	13.2	6	11.8	0.049	>0.999
Place of residence
City	26	49.1	28	54.9	0.861	0.670
Town	25	47.2	20	39.2
Village	2	3.7	3	5.9
People living in the same home
Spouse	37	69.8	35	68.6	1.271	0.763
Spouse and children	3	5.7	5	9.8
Children	11	20.8	8	15.7
Other relatives	2	3.7	3	5.9
Smoking status
Smoker	13	24.5	12	23.5	0.014	>0.999
Non-smoker	40	75.5	39	76.5	0.014	>0.999
Alcohol consumption
Yes	2	3.8	3	5.9	0.253	0.675
No	51	96.2	48	94.1	0.253	0.675
Procedure type
Medical treatment	34	64.2	19	37.3	7.523	0.010
Balloon and stent	19	35.8	32	62.7	7.523	0.010

χ²: Fisher exact test

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Table 2

- Comparisons of the pain evaluations at 0, 2, and 4 hours.

Variables	Groups				Test statistics^{^†}
	Control		Intervention		Test statistics^{^†}
	M	IQR	M	IQR	z	P-value
VAS
0 hour	2.0^a	2.0	3.0^a	1.0	2.285	0.022
2 hours	5.0^b	2.0	1.0^b	1.0	7.759	<0.001
4 hours	7.0^c	2.0	1.0^b	2.0	8.663	<0.001
Test statistics^{^‡}	χ²=105.507; p<0.001		χ²=58.468; p<0.001

M: Median, IQR: interqurtile rate, distance between quartiles, superscripts a, b, and c show the difference between measures in each group. Measurements with the same letters are statistically similar. z: Mann-Whitney U test, χ²: Friedman analysis

↵†: Comparisons between groups at each measure,
↵‡: Comparisons between within-group measures in each group,

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Table 3

- Comparisons of the SAI and ICQ Points of the groups before and after the procedure.

Variables	Groups				Test statistics^{^†}
	Control		Intervention		Test statistics^{^†}
		95% CI		95% CI	F	P-value
SAI
0 hour	46.0	(40.8-51.2)	45.8	(41.4-50.2)	0.022	0.796
4 hours	45.3	(39.9-50.6)	44.1	(39.6-48.7)	0.159	0.691
Test statistics^{^‡}	F=0.006; p=0.938		F=0.162; p=0.688
Group effect: F=0.308; p=0.580 Time effect: F=14.556; p<0.001 Group x Time effect: F=0.032; p=0.858 Effect size=0.031; Statistical power=5.4%
ICQ
0 hour	80.6	(75.6-85.6)	86.1	(80.9-91.2)	1.331	0.251
4 hours	68.5	(64.7-72.1)	89.7	(85.9-93.5)	36.801	<0.001
Test statistics^{^‡}	F=31.671; p<0.001		F=2.698; p=0.104
Group effect: F=13.622; p<0.001 Time effect: F=6.421; p=0.013 Group x Time effect: F=15.052; p<0.001 Effect size=0.388, Statistical power=97.0%

*Two-way analysis of covariance in repeated measures (adjusted for VAS),

: Mean, CI: confidence interval,

VAS: Visual analog scale. SAI: State anxiety inventory,

↵† : Comparisons between groups in each measure,
↵‡ : Comparisons between within-group measures in each group,

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Table 4

- Correlations between the VAS, SAI, and ICQ points before and after the procedure.

Variables	VAS				-ICQ
	0 hour		4 hours		0 hour		4 hours
	rho	P-value	rho	P-value	r	P-value	r	P-value
Both groups (n=104)
SAI	0.087	0.381	0.817	<0.001	-0.602	<0.001	-0.381	<0.001
ICQ	-0.304	0.002	-0.863	<0.001
Control (n=53)
SAI	0.143	0.308	0.521	<0.001	-0.600	<0.001	-0.197	0.163
ICQ	-0.346	0.011	-0.751	<0.001
Intervention (n=51)
SAI	0.016	0.911	0.433	0.002	-0.611	<0.001	-0.684	<0.001
ICQ	-0.264	0.061	-0.128	0.372

VAS: Visual analog scale, SAI: State anxiety inventory, ICQ: Immobilisation comfort questionnaire, rho: Spearman correlation coefficient, r: Partial correlation coefficient (controlling for VAS)

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Table 5

- Linear regression analysis results for the VAS, SAI, and ICQ values at 4 hours.

Variables	Regression coefficients
Variables	β	sh	95% Confidence interval	t	P-value
Visual analog scale (VAS)^*
Constant Groups	-12.398	9.244	(-30.738) - (-5.941)	-1.341	0.183
Control	Ref
Intervention	-6.003	0.278	(-6.555) - (-5.452)	-21.604	<0.001
Model statistics: F=160.397; p<0.001; R²=0.828; Corrected R²=0.823
State anxiety scale (SA)^**
Constant	36.902	56.185	(-74.582) - (148.386)	0.657	0.513
Groups
Control	Ref
Intervention	-4.886	3.985	(-12.794) - (3.021)	-1.226	0.223
Model statistics: F=60.077; p<0.001; R²=0.708; Corrected R²=0.696
Immobilization comfort questionnaire (ICQ)^**
Constant	-33.589	46.587	(-126.563) - (59.386)	-0.717	0.475
Groups
Control	Ref
Intervention	20.499	3.324	13.904-27.093	6.168	<0.001
Model statistics: F=274.560; p<0.001; R²=0.917; Corrected R²=0.917

↵* : Adjusted for pulse, SPO2;
↵** : Adjusted for pulse, SPO2, VAS